ORGANIC - M4 C11 - Basic concepts of organic chemistry

Alkene functional group

-ene

C=C

Alcohol functional group

-ol

hydroxy-

C-OH

Haloalkane functional group

chromo-

bromo-

iodo-

C-halogen

Aldehydes functional group

-al

C-H

()

H

Ketones Functional Group

-one

oxo-

C=O

Carboxylic acid functional group

-oic acid

Nitriles functional group

-nitrile

amines functional group

-amine
amino-

Molecular formula

Formula that gives the actual number of atoms of each element of one molecule

Empirical Formula

Formula that gives the simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

Hydrocarbon definition

Organic compounds composed of exclusively carbon and hydrogen: E.g. C4H10 (Butane)

Isomers definition

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula. (Structural Isomer)

Substitution reaction

Where one atom or a group of atoms is substituted for another.

• 2 reactants → 2 products

  • reactant “similarly natured”

Addition reaction

Two substances react together to form a single substance.

• usually involves double or triple bond.

• 2 reactant → 1 product

  • reactant added to unsaturated molecule to make a saturated one.

Elimination reaction

Removal of a molecule from a saturate one to make an unsaturated molecule

• 1 reactant → 2 products

Homolytic fission (same)

bonding electrons equally sgared between two atoms.

Free radicals formed are very reactive.

• forms two neutral atoms

Heterolytic fission (different)

One of the bonded atoms takes both of the bonding electrons to form an anion.

Most electronegative element takes both electrons.

• forms one negative, one positive

Electronegative definition

An atom's tendency to attract a pair of bonding electrons towards itself

Free radicals

Unpaired electrons

• strong tendency to pair up with an electron from another substance

Nucleophiles (nucleus lovers)

Electron pair donors.

• often negative ions with lone pair of electrons

: colon represents pair of electrons

Electrophiles (electron lovers)

Electron pair acceptors.

• must have vacancy for a lone pair of electrons to form new bond.