Chem Tech Review Diagnostic Exam - General and Analytical Chemistry

Vocabulary flashcards covering topics from the Chem Tech Review Diagnostic Exam in General and Analytical Chemistry.

Extensive property of matter

A physical property of matter that depends on the amount of substance present, such as the number of moles.

Electrical conductors

Substances, including metals and solutions of electrolytes, that allow electric current to flow through them.

Sublimation

The phase transition in which a solid changes directly into a gas without passing through a liquid state, such as when mothballs disappear upon exposure to air.

Pure substance

A form of matter with constant chemical composition and properties that cannot be physically separated into its components.

Carbon-13 isotope ($^{13}C$)

An isotope of carbon containing $6$ protons and $7$ neutrons in its atomic nucleus.

Hypothesis

A prediction or possible explanation for a scientific question or problem that can be tested through experimentation.

Four significant figures of $0.051065$

The rounded value $0.05106$, containing four significant digits.

Accuracy (in measurement)

The closeness of measured values to the true target value, exemplified by measurements of $20.200000000000002\,mL$, $20.5\,mL$, $20.3\,mL$, and $20.1\,mL$ for a true volume of $20.5\,mL$.

Noble gases

Inert elements with completed outer electron shells, such as Helium ($He$), Argon ($Ar$), and Krypton ($Kr$).

Protium

The most common isotope of hydrogen, containing one proton and zero neutrons.

Electronegativity trend

The periodic table trend in which electronegativity increases from left to right across a period.

Balanced equation for $Ag + O_2 \rightarrow Ag_2O$

The reaction balanced as $4Ag + O_2 \rightarrow 2Ag_2O$, placing a coefficient of $4$ for $Ag$ and $2$ for $Ag_2O$.

$Hg_2Cl_2$ nomenclature

Chemical names acceptable for $Hg_2Cl_2$, which include mercury(I) chloride, mercurous chloride, and dimercury dichloride, but excluding mercury(II) chloride.

Nonpolar bond

A chemical bond characterized by equal sharing of electrons and the absence of a dipole moment.

Diphosphorus monobromide

A chemical compound represented by the formula $P_2Br$.

Lewis acid

A chemical species that acts as an electron pair acceptor according to Lewis acid-base theory.

Milk of magnesia

An alkaline suspension of magnesium hydroxide ($Mg(OH)_2$) that functions as an antacid rather than an acid.

Acid-base conjugate pair

A pair of chemical species that differ from one another by exactly one proton ($H^+$).

Ammonium chloride ($NH_4Cl$) hydrolysis

The chemical process where dissolving ammonium chloride in water forms an acidic solution.

Aqua regia

A highly corrosive acid mixture composed of $1$ part concentrated $HNO_3$ to $3$ parts concentrated $HCl$ ($1\,HNO_3 : 3\,HCl$).

Soda ash

The common chemical name for sodium carbonate ($Na_2CO_3$).

Standard atmospheric pressure

The atmospheric pressure at sea level equivalent to $1\,atm$, $760\,mm\,Hg$, or $760\,torr$.

Helium ($He$)

The noble gas that behaves closest to an ideal gas under standard conditions due to its minimal atomic size and weak interatomic forces.

Charles's Law effect on gas volume

The physical behavior where the volume of a fully inflated balloon decreases when exposed to lower temperatures.

Molar mass at STP calculation

The calculated molar mass of $16.0\,g\,mol^{-1}$ for an unknown gas where $1.60\,g$ occupies $2.24\,L$ at STP.

Molarity of $HCl$ solution

The concentration equal to $4.05\,mol\,L^{-1}$ for a solution containing $72.9\,g$ of $HCl$ dissolved in $500\,mL$ of water.

Standard notation of $2.34 \times 10^7$

The standard numerical representation $23400000$.

Oxidation of $Cr^{3+}$ to $Cr^{6+}$

The loss of $3$ electrons by chromium as its oxidation state increases from $+3$ to $+6$.

Cathode reduction in silver electroplating

The electrochemical process in which silver ions ($Ag^+$) in solution are reduced at the cathode.

Anode

The electrode in an electrolytic cell at which oxidation takes place.

Reducing agent in $Mg + H_2O \rightarrow MgO + H_2$

Magnesium ($Mg$), which loses electrons and undergoes oxidation, making the statement that $Mg$ is the oxidizing agent false.

Weight percentage to ppm ($0.01\%$)

A weight percentage concentration equivalent to $100\,ppm$.

Dilution calculation ($M_1 V_1 = M_2 V_2$)

The calculation determining that $0.125\,L$ of $4\,M$ $HCl$ is needed to prepare $1\,L$ of a $0.5\,M$ dilute solution.

Percent moisture content ($\%w/w\,H_2O$)

The calculated water mass percentage of $37.65\%$ for an $875.4\,mg$ cheese sample that yields a final dry mass of $545.8\,mg$.

Volumetric flask actual volume calculation

The calculated volume of $50.27\,mL$ for a flask holding $50.1227\,g$ of water with a density of $0.99707\,g\,mL^{-1}$ at $25\,^\circ C$.

Normality of $5.0\,M$ sulfuric acid

The concentration expressed as $10.0\,N$ for $5.0\,M$ $H_2SO_4$, based on its capacity to furnish $2$ protons per molecule.

Potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP)

A primary standard acid used in analytical chemistry to standardize basic solutions.

Holding time for metal samples

The maximum allowable storage time of $6$ months for acid-preserved samples designated for metal determination.

Inorganic trace analysis containers

Analyses for which glass containers are unsuitable due to the potential leaching or adsorption of trace metal ions.

ISO/IEC 17025

The main ISO standard used by testing and calibration laboratories to gain accreditation and demonstrate technical competence.

Revised DAO 04-36 waste labeling requirements

Environmental regulations specifying that chemical waste labels must include Generator ID Number, Volume of Waste, and Container Material.

Volumetric pipet ($10\,mL$)

The most accurate laboratory tool among standard options for measuring precise liquid volumes such as $8.55\,mL$.

Safe acid dilution practice

The laboratory safety rule requiring acid to be added to water rather than adding water to strong acid.

Amber bottle

The recommended light-shielding container used for storing solvent liquids like hexane.

Method Detection Limit (MDL)

The minimum concentration of a substance that can be measured and reported with confidence that the analyte concentration is greater than zero.

Fire triangle

The model illustrating the three essential components required for combustion: Oxygen, Heat, and Fuel.

Laboratory fume hood

A ventilated safety enclosure that protects users from exposure to chemical fumes and dilutes flammable gases below explosion limits.

ISO 9001

The international standard focusing specifically on criteria for Quality Management Systems (QMS).

Laboratory chemical storage rules

Safety standards prohibiting the storage of chemical containers on the floor to maintain clean, unobstructed exits and work areas.

Quality standards for vitamin C production

Quality management frameworks including GMP, HACCP, and ISO 9001:2008 required for vitamin C tablet manufacturing.