FINALS ANATOMY AND TISSUES

What is the scientific term for the study of tissues?

Histology

What distinguishes endocrine glands from exocrine glands?

Endocrine: ductless, secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

Exocrine: have glands, secrete substances to surfaces (ex: sweat, saliva)

How many layers does simple epithelium have?

One layer of cells

What are the three basic shapes of epithelium tissues?

• Squamous: flat and scale-like

• Cuboidal: cube shaped

• Columnar: tall and cylindrical

• What are the four main types of tissues in the body?

• Epithelial: covers body surfaces, lines cavities, forms glands

• Connective: supports, binds, and protects organs

• Muscle

• Nervous

What type of epithelium appears layered but isn’t

Psuedostrstified epithelium

Where is transitional epithelium found, and what is its function?

Stretches easily, found in bladder and ureters

What is the function of the basement membrane?

Anchors epithelial tissue to underlying structures and provides structural support

What type of epithelium lines the circulatory system?

Endothelium: lined blood vessels and the circulatory system

What do pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum have in common?

They are all mesothelium (serous tissue), lines body cavities and composed of simple squamous cells

What is mesothelium composed of?

Simple squamous cells

What characterizes connective tissue?

Matrix

What are the three types of loose connective tissue?

1. Areolar: most common, binds skin to underlying organs

2. Adipose: contains fat cells, insulates, stores energy, and cushions organs

3. Reticular: forms supporting framework for soft organs like spleen and lymph nodes

What is the function of adipose tissue?

Stores energy, insulates, and cushions organs

What kind of connective tissue connects bone to bone?

Ligaments

In what structure are chondrocytes found?

Lacunae

What makes fibrocartilage different from other cartilage types?

Dense, strong, and resistant to stretching (found in intervertebral discs)

What components make up blood as a connective tissue?

Liquid plasma matrix and formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, platelets)

What do synovial membranes do and where are they found?

They secrete synovial fluid, and they line cavities of freely moving joints

What are the three types of muscle tissue and one characteristic of each?

• Smooth: involuntary, spindle shaped, singular nucleus, found in walls of organs

• Skeletal: voluntary, striated, multinucleated, attached to bones

• Cardiac: involuntary, striated, single nucleus, found only in the heart

What are the three main layers of the skin, and what roles do they play?

Epidermis

• Outermost layer

• Thin but tough, provides a protective barrier against the environment

• Contains no blood vessels- it gets nutrients by diffusion from the layer below

• Composed of 5 sub layers or strata

Dermis

• Located beneath the epidermis

• Much thicker and full of blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, hair follicles, sweat and oil glands

• The support layer, nourished the epidermis and helps in wound healing and temperature regulation

Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

• Not technically part of the skin, but closely connected

• Composed mainly of fat (adipose tissue) and connective tissue

• Helps cushion, insulate, and anchor the skin to muscles and bones below

Describe the 5 layers of the empedernid and the order in which skin cells move through them

Stratum básale (germinativum)

• Deepest layer, actively devising cells (mitosis)

• Contains melanocytes (pigment-producing cells)

• Very important for regeneration of the epidermis

Stratum spinosum

• Several layers of cells with spine like projections

• Adds strength and flexibility to the skin

Stratum granulosum

• Cells begin to die and become filled with keratin (a tough protein)

• Acts as a transition between the deeper living cells and the dead surface cells

Stratum lucidum (only found in thick skin like palms and soles)

• Thin, clear layer providing extra protection

Stratum corneum

• Too layer of dead, karat inside cells

• Continuously shed and replaced

• Acts like a suit of armor to keep out pathogens and lock in moisture

Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for producing melanin and new skin cells?

Stratum basale (germinativum)

What distinguishes thick skin from thin skin in terms of structure?

if stratum lucidum layer is present then its thick

Compare the characteristics of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th degree burns

first degree burns

• Affects only outer layer of the skin (epidermis)

• Symptoms: redness, mild swelling, tenderness

• Ex: sunburn

2nd degree burn

• Damages both the epidermis and upper dermis

• Causes blistering, redness, pain, and swelling

• May take longer to heal and can scar

Third degree burn

• Involves complete destruction of the epidermis and dermis

• Skin may look charred, leathery, or white

• May be painless initially due to nerve damage

Fourth degree burn

• Extends below the skin, into muscles, tendons, or bone

• These are most severe burns and often require surgical intervention, such as skin grafting or amputation

How does the body use sweat and oil to maintain healthy skin?

• oil release sebum, which lubricants and protects the skin and hair

• Swest glands help regulate temperature

What role does melanin play in protecting the skin?

Protects the skin by absorbing harmful UV rays

What might cause the skin to appear blue or pale in certain situations?

Low oxygen in the blood

What is sebum and what does it do for the skin

Sebum lubricates and protects the skin and hair

What causes warts, and are they contagious?

Caused by a virus that affects skin cells, causing them to grow abnormally. Warts are contagious

How does the arrector pili muscle affect the skin and hair?

Causes the hair to stand up and creates goosebumps- a vestigial reflex from our hairier ancestors

What happens to skin structure and function in third and fourth degree burns

Destroys the epidermis and dermis, cells that create skin are destroyed so it can no longer do its job

Why is the hypodermis important to body temperature regulation

Insulates the body

How does the skin participate in the immune system?

Acts as a protective barrier and keeps outside bacteria from entering

Whats the significance of the stratum corneal in protecting the body

Acts like a suit of armed to keep out pathogens and lock in moisture

Which abdominal quadrant contains the gallbladder

Right upper quadrant

Which quadrant contains the appendix

Right lower quadrant

Where is the spleen located and why is it at risk during trauma?

Left upper quadrant, under rib cage. Ulnar and blunt abdominal injuries due to its closeness to the body surface/its fragile structure.

What does peristalsis accomplish in the in the digestive tract?

Moves food through the G.I. tract by wavelike muscle Contractions (Involuntary)

which heart chamber pumps blood into the aorta

The left ventricle

What is the largest artery in the body?

The aorta

What structure serves as the pacemaker of the heart

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

What nerve may be injured during thoracic surgery, causing diaphragm paralysis

Phrenic nerve

What organs are found in the right upper quadrant?

• Right lobe of the liver

• Gallbladder

• Duodenum

• Head of pancreas

• Right kidney/adrenal Gland

What organs are found in the left upper quadrant

• Stomach

• Spleen

• Tail of pancreas

• Left kidney/adrenal gland

• Splenic flexure of colon

What structures are found in the right lower quadrant

• Appendix

• Cecum

• Right, ovary and tube (Female)

• Right ureter

What structures are found in the left lower quadrant

• Sigmoid colon

• Left ovary and tube (Female)

• Left ureter

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

On dorsal aspect of thyroid (Superior and inferior pairs)

what are alveoli?

Grape like clusters were gas exchange occurs

What is the epiglottis

Covers airway when swallowing

Where does the diaphragm contract during inspiration?

Downwards

Superior

Towards the head/ upper body

Inferior

Towards the feet/lower body

Anterior

Towards the front

Posterior

Towards the back

medial

Towards the midline

Lateral

Away from the midline

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment

Superficial

Near the surface

Deep

Away from the surface, internal

Ipsilateral

Same side

Contralateral

Opposite side

Aponeurosis

Flat sheet like tendon connecting muscle to bone

Sebum

Oil secretion lubricating skin/hair