Exam 2 - Intro to Psych - NJIT S25

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked

example of instinct

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and a joey (baby kangaroo) moving to its mother’s pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

instincts

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

 

example of a reflex

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

 

associative

In Pavlov’s classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________.

learned

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

 

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley’s nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________.

 

conditioned response

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________.

 

stimulus discrimination

You are a big fan of your grandmother’s chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________.

 

stimulus generalization

________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

Concepts

________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics.

Artificial

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

Cognition

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a(n) ________ concept.

natural

Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience.

indirect

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.

role

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language, or the words contained within that language?

lexicon

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

phoneme

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.

morpheme

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

semantics

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

semantic

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

Terrance finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.

acoustic

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember, recall, and report?

sensory memories

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

retrieval

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

information about events we have personally experienced

episodic memory

You see a television commercial for a product you may want to buy, and there is a telephone number you must call to place an order. Because you don’t have anything with which to write down the number, you repeat it to yourself over and over again until you feel like you won’t forget it. This process is called ________.

rehearsal

Recent research conducted by Cowan (2010) has found that the capacity of working memory is how many units of information?

4 plus or minus 1

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

rehearsal

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

Physical

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

Cognitive

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period.

surveys

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

genes and biology

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

environment and culture

Age-specific approximations of when a certain skill or ability should first occur in normal development are called developmental ________.

milestones

When development proceeds in a stepwise fashion with periods of growth interrupted by periods where growth is not occurring, we’d say that development is taking a(n) ________ trajectory.

discontinuous

Which theorist is credited with proposing the psychosexual stages of development?

Sigmund Freud

According to ________, lifespan development encompasses eight stages and at each stage we encounter a psychosocial crisis that must be resolved.

Erik Erikson

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.

Schemata

Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low.

Yerkes-Dodson law

The hierarchy of needs is the spectrum of needs ranging from basic ________ needs to ________ needs and finally striving for self-actualization.

biological,social

Otto is so driven to become a school psychologist that he spends every night studying. This sentence describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal, also called ________.

motivation

Cici firmly believes that every child deserves a loving parent. She becomes a foster parent because she knows that it is the right thing to do, even though she receives no material rewards for doing so. Cici becomes a foster parent because of ________ motivation.

 

intrinsic

Tesla crafts imitation dream catchers in her spare time. Her father constantly encourages her to sell them on eBay. When she finally agrees to sell them, she notices that while she still enjoys making the dream catchers, she no longer does it for fun—she does it to make money. This is an example of the ________ effect.

overjustification

Sweating and shivering are responses created due to internal temperature fluctuations, and they are designed to bring the body back into ________.

homeostasis

Which of the following is an example of an instinctive behavior?

 

infant rooting for a nipple

Which of the following is something an advocate for arousal theory might observe?

bored we look for excitement; overexcited we wish for more peace.

Food, water, shelter, and warmth represent ________ needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

physiological

Which of the following exemplifies extrinsically motivated behavior?

babysitting your younger brother in order to receive an hourly fee

Name the theory that explains how we have gained conditioned taste aversion as a result to adapt and avoid foods that are potentially harmful

evolutionary theory

The type of reinforcement in which animal or person is NOT reinforced every time for the desired behavior we want it to perform

partial reinforcement

What kind of learning is this: when a child lies several times, results in being grounded, and child learns that lying results in consequences and stops

operant conditioning

what do you call it when a yoga instructor demonstrates a pose and the participants then follow the instructor

model

Theorist behind the Triarchich Theory of Intelligence

Robert Steinberg

What kind of intelligence is demonstrated when someone is proficient in instruments, learn songs easily, and rhythms

Musical Intelligence

This statistic helps us measure how data is dispersed in a population and can be used to give context to larger data sets

standard deviation

If someone has good reading skills, great thoughts, and understands concepts, but unable to legibly write and or put things cohesively written on paper, they suffer from

dysgraphia

Name for type of process in which you repeat lines over and over again to memorize them

rehearsal

Process in which you are actively and conciously remembering and recalling information is considered ________ memory.

explicit

Name of part of the brain you are using when you look at a snake and process the fear caused by the snake

Amygdala

Formulating new memories is called ________.

construction

Process to bring up old memories is called ___________.

reconstruction

Why do you need plenty of sleep the night before an exam?

consolidate the study material into long-term memory

Thinking about Erikson, after 65 years of age, assessing your life’s accomplishments or regret are part of which stage?

Integrity vs Despair

A 7 month old sees a parent with an item they want. Parent hides it behind their back but child knows where the item is. What is this an example of?

object permenanace

Thinking back to Piaget, what stage is it when a child begins to use abstract thinking processes?

Formal operational

A parent allows their child to do whatever they want, is more of a friend than an authority figure, displays what kind of parenting style?

permissive

Genetic disorder that results in persistent feelings of intense hunger and reduced rates of metabolism

Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS)

An unexpected occurrence during the excitement phase of the sexual response cycle

reduction in pulse and blood pressure

Name of stage/period in which following an orgasm an individual is unable to orgasm again

refractory period

Thinking about Schacter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, emotions consist of which 2 factors?

Physiological and Cognitive