Autocracy of Alexander II + III

What happened in 1866

Assassination attempt on Alexander II

What did Alexander do in reaction to the first assassination attempt

Make his policies more reactionary

What’s an example of a new appointment Alexander II made during his reactionary policies

Count Tolstoy (conservative, Orthodox) replaced Golovnin as education minister

What did Tolstoy want to do to education

Tighten control on it and eradicate Western ideas and criticisms of autocracy

What happened to the Zemstva’s power over education

Reduced and returned to the Church

In 1871, who were the only students allowed to go to university

students from gimnazii

What were subjects replaced by

More traditional ones

What was set up in relation to teachers to increase tsarist control

State teacher-training colleges

Who was the head of the Third Section and what did he increase

Shuvalov - increased persecution of ethnic and religious minorities

When were governor generals established and what did they have the power to do

1879 - could prosecute in military courts and exile political offenders

What was created to deter others from revolutionary activities

show trials

Case of a show trial backfiring in 1878

Vera Zasulich found not guilty despite shooting the governor of St. Petersburg due to sympathetic jury

When were show trials transferred back to secret courts

1878

What led Alexander II to see that wider democracy was needed to curb violence

Assassination attempts in 1879 - 80

What did Loris-Melikov produce in 1880

a report suggesting elected representatives of nobility and town governments should be included in debating state decrees

When was Alexander II assassinated

13 March 1881

Who was Alexander III tutored by

Pobedonostev

When were Land Captains introduced and what could they do

1889 - could override zemstva elections and disregard their decisions

What were Land Captains made responsible for

Law enforcement in the countryside : could ignore usual judicial process

When were peasants votes reduced in the zemstva as well as the zemstva being placed under central government control

1890

When was it decided you had to own a certain amount of property to vote in Duma

June 1892

What did the Okhrana do

intercepted letters, checked on factories and schools and detained suspects

When was the number of police increased

1884

When + what was the Statute on Police Surveillance

1882 - allowed police to arrest people believed to have committed a crime without a right for legal representation

When was the decree which gave the Minister of Justice greater control over the judiciary

1885

From what year was the Ministry of Justice allowed to hold closed court sessions

1887

When did the ministry become responsible for the appointment of town judges

1889

When were volost courts put under Land Captain’s control

1889

Who was education overseen by

Delyanov

What were women banned from doing

going to university

What were students banned from

Gathering in groups of over 5

What were lower-class children restricted to

primary education

Whose control was primary education put under

The Orthodox Church’s

How much of the population were literate by 1897 despite the number of people and the number of schools increasing

21%

When did Tolstoy set up a government committee to issue temporary regulations on censorship

1882

What was the consequence for newspapers and publishers/editors

Newspapers could be shut down, there could be life bans for publishers and editors

What did publications have to be

approved

What did censorship extend to

theatre, art, culture

What was enforced

Russification

When were redemption fees reduced

May 1881

When was the poll tax abolished

May 1885

When was the peasants’ Land Bank established

1883