AP US History (copy)

Why did pre-Columbian natives lead different lifestyles

Lifestyle depended on environment. Those who lived around water source and fertile land were better suited to sedentary life.

Capital city of Aztecs

Tenochtitlan; modern day Mexico

Achievements & customs of Aztecs

- Peak population of 300,000
- Written language
- Complex irrigation systems
- Priests believed to uphold fertility of land and people through human sacrifice

Location & Achievements of Mayans

- Mesoamerica - SE Mexico, Guatemala, & Belize. (Yucatan Peninsula)
- Created large cities w/ complex irrigation and water storage systems.
- Built large temples for the rulers of people, who where believed to descend from the higher power

Location & Lifestyle of Incans

- South America, Peru
- 350,000 sq miles of empirical land
- Sustained by agriculture

What was in common of all three south American native societies

Cultivation of maize

Pueblos (Southwest)

- Lived in modern-day Mexico & Arizona
- Sedentary and cultivated maize
- Built & lived in adobe and masonry homes
- Well organized society w/ administrative infrastructure

Chinook (Northwest)

- Used abundant cedar trees around them to create giant wood houses which housed ~70 people in their kinship

Chumash (North & Southwest)

Hunters & gatherers in permanent settlements depending on the amount of game and vegetation around them

Cahokia

- Peak population @ ~20,000 people
- Centralized govt led by chieftains and traded down to great lakes

Iroquois (Northeast)

Relied on agriculture, specifically three sister farming & built long houses

Three-Sister Farming

Agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 A.D.; maize, beans, and squash were grown together to maximize yields.

What lifestyle did Great Basin & Plains natives generally lead

Nomadic, due to the impossibility of creating societies reliant on farming created by the harsh environment

What lifestyle did Southwest Indians live

Hunter and gatherers, but lived in permanent settlements depending on the amount of game and vegetation around them

Iroquois Natives

- Relied on agriculture and three-sister farming
- Had complex irrigation systems
- Built long houses

What facilitated emergence of sedentary society in Natives pre-contact

Water & fertile soil

Reasons for European Exploration

- Increase in population, rebounding after black plague
- Desire for luxury goods (Asia)

Why did Europe want a sea-based route to Asia

Muslims monopolized land routes, so Europeans could not trade w/ Asia on their terms

Who did Prince Henry the Navigator sail for & Where did he establish a trading post empire

Portugal & established trading empire in Africa

What maritime technology did Portugal use

Caravels, stern-post rudders, and astrolabe

Who sponsored Christopher Columbus

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain

When did Christopher Columbus set sail and land in America

1492

Where did Christopher Columbus land

Bahamas; Island of San Salvador

What did Christopher Columbus take back to Spain

Enslaved natives, gold samples, and the news that theres more riches to take

What is the Columbian Exchange

The transfer of food, animals, minerals, people, and diseases between Africa, Europe, and the Americas

Why was Tenochtitlan vs Hernan Cortes one-sided

300,000 people vs Spanish army of 1,000. Tenochtitlan fell quickly due to disease

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Mercantilism

Belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.

What crops were sent to Europe during Columbian Exchange

Maize, tomatoes, potatoes, cacao, tobacco

What crops were sent to America during Columbian Exchang

Rice, wheat, soybeans, rye, oats, lemons, oranges

What animals were sent to America during Columbian Exchange, and why was it significant

Horses, pigs, cattle, & chickens. Significant because there was no domesticated animals before this. Horses meant travel speed

How did Columbian Exchange affect Europe

Economy went from feudalism to capitalism

How did concept of slavery change in Spanish America

Went from temporary situation, only for indebts and prisoners of war, to permanent, inheritable position

What is the Encomienda System

Labor system where Spanish officials were granted land, and non-Christians would work on land in return for protection and education (in theory)

What was the Requerimiento

A Spanish requirement to submit Natives to Spain and convert to Christianity or the forfeiture of their safety

Reasons the Encomienda system failed

Natives dying of European disease & escaping with their knowledge of land = insufficient labor output

Why did Europeans see Africans as a better source of labor than Native Americans?

Their immunity to European disease and their unfamiliarity to American land

Why did the caste system develop in Spanish America

Intermarriage with Natives & Africans, and to make varied taxation between races easier

Hegemony

the domination of one state or group over another state or group

Who did Spain start to send to America after conquering

Missionaries to convert natives

Native world view

Animism, did not view land as a commodity, and families were made of kinship networks up to 70 people

Spanish world view

Catholic, viewed land as a commodity, and normalized the nuclear family

What did Europeans and Natives want from each other

Natives wanted metal tools, Europeans wanted fur trade

What was the Mission system

Attempt by Catholic Church to incorporate Indians into Spanish colonial society

What role did Missions play in Pope's rebellion/Pueblo Revolt?

Pueblos in the Missions believed in Christ polytheistically ==> Spanish attempts to make them believe in Christ monotheistically led to violence

What caused Pope's rebellion/Pueblo Revolt

Forced conversion

What were the two sides of King Charles' moral meeting with priests and philosopher's

Side A: Argued that natives were backwards and inferior, wanted control
Side B: Argued for better and more humane treatment of natives

Bartolome de Las Casas

Dominican priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans. Argued to replace native labor with African

Four main European powers to colonize America

Spain, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Britain

Name, date, and creator of first French colony in America

Quebec, 1608, Samuel de Champlain

French Colonial Policies

Wanted trade (fur) so intermarried and created social relationships with the natives

What benefits did the French and Natives provide each other

French provided iron tools, Natives provided beaver pelts

What did Henry Hudson do

Founded New Netherlands while looking for sea route to Asia (now Albany)

What motives did Dutch have

Purely money focused, did not express much desire to convert natives to Protestantism

What economical reasons did British have to settle in America

Wealth of British nobles and peasants diminished due to Ireland conquest and Enclosure Movement

Who came to America from Spain

Conquistadors and missionaries

Who came to America from Dutch & French

Few men to trade

Who came to America from England

Families to settle down

What form of govt did the British colonies have

Democratic

What was the Mayflower Compact

It was an agreement reached by the first Pilgrims to constitute themselves a civil body politic.

1st British colony in America & date of est

Jamestown, 1607

What was a joint-stock company

Group of investors pooled money to fund expedition. If failed they share losses, if success they share profits

What led to the starving time in Jamestown?

Settlers thought they would instantly be rich, so brought little food

What was the headright system?

Englishmen who could pay their/others Atlantic crossing were granted 50 acres of land per head

Who provided most of the labor in early Jamestown

Indentured servants, who signed their rights away for 7 years for passage to Americas

Who and what solved Starving Time in Jamestown

John Rolfe cultivated first by John Rolfe in 1611, which was a cash crop

How did tobacco increase tensions with natives around Jamestown

Tobacco exhausts soil, led to colonialists encroaching native land to continue planting

What was the effect tobacco induced land encroachment had on natives and settlers

Natives raided settlements, and settlers were upset that governor William Berkeley did not retaliate

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

Led by Nathaniel Bacon indentured servants and farmers attacked natives in retaliation and attacked Berkeley's plantations for his ignorance

What effects did Bacon's Rebellion have on indentured servitude

Fear of uprisings of English servants led demand for African slaves

When and who founded the New England colonies

1620 and pilgrims

What caused Pilgrims to seek life in America

Consisting of majority of Puritan settlers who seeked religious freedom and finance

Who were the Puritans?

Followers of a separatist sect of Protestantism, which called for the purification of the church. Persecuted widely in Britain

What were pilgrims' intentions in Americas

Pacifistically establishing society, not much mercantilist intentions

Why was slave population proportionally greater than other colonies in the British West Indies & Southern Atlantic Coast

Climate in British West Indies allowed greater sugarcane production. Sugarcane = labor intensive crop, required more labor

How did British West Indies plantation owners consider and view slaves

Viewed them as "chattel", & justified enaction of harsh slave codes

What was the economy of the Middle Colonies

Near sea (NY) led to rise of export economy based on crops

Social Hierarchy of Middle Colonies

Urban merchants > Artisans & Shopkeepers > laborers, orphans, unemployed > Enslaved

William Penn

Founder of Pennsylvania, quaker, pacifist

How was Pennsylvania unique to other colonies

Compensated natives for taking their land, and had religious freedom

What is Triangular Trade

Trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas

How did the colonies provide benefits to mercantilist thinking

1. Raw materials from foreign land, not found in home country
2. New market in foreign land for sale of goods

Navigation Acts of 1650, 1660, 1663, and 1696

British regulations requiring merchants to engage in trade with colonies exclusively in English ships, and through British ports for taxation

Main effect of the Trans-Atlantic Trade

Sparked Consumer Revolution

Consumer Revolution

Period from 1600 to 1750 where affluent families bought lots of exotic goods as status went from family to financial position

How did the Spanish interact with natives (Period 1-2)

Successful conquest of large native empires, intermarried with natives due to lack of European women, enslaved lots

How did the British interact with natives (Period 2)

Did not encounter large native empires, so not much population to enslave. British came as family groups, so no need for intermarriage. Benefitted each other, and temporarily had peace

How did French and Dutch interact w/ natives (Period 2)

Maintained social relationships & trade with them, desire for kinship w/ natives for trade stakes required intermarriage

Causes and Effects Metacom/King Philip's War

(1675) War was caused by thought that English were the cause of all natives' troubles, so they must be removed. Metacom, chief of Wampanoag tribe. Effects of war was English allying with Mohawk tribe, killing Metacom, and quelling resistance

Atlantic Slave Trade

the buying, transporting, and selling of Africans for work in the Americas

Important colonial slave laws

1. Considered African laboreres as chattel (property)
2. Made an inheritable trait

Forms and examples of slave resistance

Covert Resistance: (stealth) 1. practiced customs from homeland 2. maintained belief systems 3. spoke native tongue, harmed tools and crops
Overt Resistance: (open) revolts

Stono Rebellion (1739)

Slave revolt in South Carolina where slaves got weapons and killed white people. Stopped by militia

Enlightenment in colonies

Social movement encouraging the use of logic and reasoning over blind faith and superstition

John Locke

English enlightenment thinker that proposed concept of Natural Rights

Natural Rights

the idea that all humans are born with inalienable rights

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Swiss-French enlightenment thinker who proposed Social Contract Theory

Social Contract Theory

Belief that citizens and govt are in contract, where citizens abide by law, and govt protect citizens' natural rights

Great Awakening I

A religious revival in the mid 1700s, which encouraged combining religious and enlightenment principles

Jonathan Edwards

New England minister & philosophist who helped spark Great Awakening I