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Why did pre-Columbian natives lead different lifestyles
Lifestyle depended on environment. Those who lived around water source and fertile land were better suited to sedentary life.
Capital city of Aztecs
Tenochtitlan; modern day Mexico
Achievements & customs of Aztecs
Peak population of 300,000
Written language
Complex irrigation systems
Priests believed to uphold fertility of land and people through human sacrifice
Location & Achievements of Mayans
Mesoamerica - SE Mexico, Guatemala, & Belize. (Yucatan Peninsula)
Created large cities w/ complex irrigation and water storage systems.
Built large temples for the rulers of people, who where believed to descend from the higher power
Location & Lifestyle of Incans
South America, Peru
350,000 sq miles of empirical land
Sustained by agriculture
What was in common of all three south American native societies
Cultivation of maize
Pueblos (Southwest)
Lived in modern-day Mexico & Arizona
Sedentary and cultivated maize
Built & lived in adobe and masonry homes
Well organized society w/ administrative infrastructure
Chinook (Northwest)
Used abundant cedar trees around them to create giant wood houses which housed ~70 people in their kinship
Chumash (North & Southwest)
Hunters & gatherers in permanent settlements depending on the amount of game and vegetation around them
Cahokia
Peak population @ ~20,000 people
Centralized govt led by chieftains and traded down to great lakes
Iroquois (Northeast)
Relied on agriculture, specifically three sister farming & built long houses
Three-Sister Farming
Agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 A.D.; maize, beans, and squash were grown together to maximize yields.
What lifestyle did Great Basin & Plains natives generally lead
Nomadic, due to the impossibility of creating societies reliant on farming created by the harsh environment
What lifestyle did Southwest Indians live
Hunter and gatherers, but lived in permanent settlements depending on the amount of game and vegetation around them
Iroquois Natives
Relied on agriculture and three-sister farming
Had complex irrigation systems
Built long houses
What facilitated emergence of sedentary society in Natives pre-contact
Water & fertile soil
Reasons for European Exploration
Increase in population, rebounding after black plague
Desire for luxury goods (Asia)
Why did Europe want a sea-based route to Asia
Muslims monopolized land routes, so Europeans could not trade w/ Asia on their terms
Who did Prince Henry the Navigator sail for & Where did he establish a trading post empire
Portugal & established trading empire in Africa
What maritime technology did Portugal use
Caravels, stern-post rudders, and astrolabe
Who sponsored Christopher Columbus
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain
When did Christopher Columbus set sail and land in America
1492
Where did Christopher Columbus land
Bahamas; Island of San Salvador
What did Christopher Columbus take back to Spain
Enslaved natives, gold samples, and the news that theres more riches to take
What is the Columbian Exchange
The transfer of food, animals, minerals, people, and diseases between Africa, Europe, and the Americas
Why was Tenochtitlan vs Hernan Cortes one-sided
300,000 people vs Spanish army of 1,000. Tenochtitlan fell quickly due to disease
Middle Passage
A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies
Mercantilism
Belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.
What crops were sent to Europe during Columbian Exchange
Maize, tomatoes, potatoes, cacao, tobacco
What crops were sent to America during Columbian Exchang
Rice, wheat, soybeans, rye, oats, lemons, oranges
What animals were sent to America during Columbian Exchange, and why was it significant
Horses, pigs, cattle, & chickens. Significant because there was no domesticated animals before this. Horses meant travel speed
How did Columbian Exchange affect Europe
Economy went from feudalism to capitalism
How did concept of slavery change in Spanish America
Went from temporary situation, only for indebts and prisoners of war, to permanent, inheritable position
What is the Encomienda System
Labor system where Spanish officials were granted land, and non-Christians would work on land in return for protection and education (in theory)
What was the Requerimiento
A Spanish requirement to submit Natives to Spain and convert to Christianity or the forfeiture of their safety
Reasons the Encomienda system failed
Natives dying of European disease & escaping with their knowledge of land = insufficient labor output
Why did Europeans see Africans as a better source of labor than Native Americans?
Their immunity to European disease and their unfamiliarity to American land
Why did the caste system develop in Spanish America
Intermarriage with Natives & Africans, and to make varied taxation between races easier
Hegemony
the domination of one state or group over another state or group
Who did Spain start to send to America after conquering
Missionaries to convert natives
Native world view
Animism, did not view land as a commodity, and families were made of kinship networks up to 70 people
Spanish world view
Catholic, viewed land as a commodity, and normalized the nuclear family
What did Europeans and Natives want from each other
Natives wanted metal tools, Europeans wanted fur trade
What was the Mission system
Attempt by Catholic Church to incorporate Indians into Spanish colonial society
What role did Missions play in Pope's rebellion/Pueblo Revolt?
Pueblos in the Missions believed in Christ polytheistically ==> Spanish attempts to make them believe in Christ monotheistically led to violence
What caused Pope's rebellion/Pueblo Revolt
Forced conversion
What were the two sides of King Charles' moral meeting with priests and philosopher's
Side A: Argued that natives were backwards and inferior, wanted control Side B: Argued for better and more humane treatment of natives
Bartolome de Las Casas
Dominican priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans. Argued to replace native labor with African
Four main European powers to colonize America
Spain, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Britain
Name, date, and creator of first French colony in America
Quebec, 1608, Samuel de Champlain
French Colonial Policies
Wanted trade (fur) so intermarried and created social relationships with the natives
What benefits did the French and Natives provide each other
French provided iron tools, Natives provided beaver pelts
What did Henry Hudson do
Founded New Netherlands while looking for sea route to Asia (now Albany)
What motives did Dutch have
Purely money focused, did not express much desire to convert natives to Protestantism
What economical reasons did British have to settle in America
Wealth of British nobles and peasants diminished due to Ireland conquest and Enclosure Movement
Who came to America from Spain
Conquistadors and missionaries
Who came to America from Dutch & French
Few men to trade
Who came to America from England
Families to settle down
What form of govt did the British colonies have
Democratic
What was the Mayflower Compact
It was an agreement reached by the first Pilgrims to constitute themselves a civil body politic.
1st British colony in America & date of est
Jamestown, 1607
What was a joint-stock company
Group of investors pooled money to fund expedition. If failed they share losses, if success they share profits
What led to the starving time in Jamestown?
Settlers thought they would instantly be rich, so brought little food
What was the headright system?
Englishmen who could pay their/others Atlantic crossing were granted 50 acres of land per head
Who provided most of the labor in early Jamestown
Indentured servants, who signed their rights away for 7 years for passage to Americas
Who and what solved Starving Time in Jamestown
John Rolfe cultivated first by John Rolfe in 1611, which was a cash crop
How did tobacco increase tensions with natives around Jamestown
Tobacco exhausts soil, led to colonialists encroaching native land to continue planting
What was the effect tobacco induced land encroachment had on natives and settlers
Natives raided settlements, and settlers were upset that governor William Berkeley did not retaliate
Bacon's Rebellion (1676)
Led by Nathaniel Bacon indentured servants and farmers attacked natives in retaliation and attacked Berkeley's plantations for his ignorance
What effects did Bacon's Rebellion have on indentured servitude
Fear of uprisings of English servants led demand for African slaves
When and who founded the New England colonies
1620 and pilgrims
What caused Pilgrims to seek life in America
Consisting of majority of Puritan settlers who seeked religious freedom and finance
Who were the Puritans?
Followers of a separatist sect of Protestantism, which called for the purification of the church. Persecuted widely in Britain
What were pilgrims' intentions in Americas
Pacifistically establishing society, not much mercantilist intentions
Why was slave population proportionally greater than other colonies in the British West Indies & Southern Atlantic Coast
Climate in British West Indies allowed greater sugarcane production. Sugarcane = labor intensive crop, required more labor
How did British West Indies plantation owners consider and view slaves
Viewed them as "chattel", & justified enaction of harsh slave codes
What was the economy of the Middle Colonies
Near sea (NY) led to rise of export economy based on crops
Social Hierarchy of Middle Colonies
Urban merchants > Artisans & Shopkeepers > laborers, orphans, unemployed > Enslaved
William Penn
Founder of Pennsylvania, quaker, pacifist
How was Pennsylvania unique to other colonies
Compensated natives for taking their land, and had religious freedom
What is Triangular Trade
Trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas
How did the colonies provide benefits to mercantilist thinking
Raw materials from foreign land, not found in home country
New market in foreign land for sale of goods
Navigation Acts of 1650, 1660, 1663, and 1696
British regulations requiring merchants to engage in trade with colonies exclusively in English ships, and through British ports for taxation
Main effect of the Trans-Atlantic Trade
Sparked Consumer Revolution
Consumer Revolution
Period from 1600 to 1750 where affluent families bought lots of exotic goods as status went from family to financial position
How did the Spanish interact with natives (Period 1-2)
Successful conquest of large native empires, intermarried with natives due to lack of European women, enslaved lots
How did the British interact with natives (Period 2)
Did not encounter large native empires, so not much population to enslave. British came as family groups, so no need for intermarriage. Benefitted each other, and temporarily had peace
How did French and Dutch interact w/ natives (Period 2)
Maintained social relationships & trade with them, desire for kinship w/ natives for trade stakes required intermarriage
Causes and Effects Metacom/King Philip's War
(1675) War was caused by thought that English were the cause of all natives' troubles, so they must be removed. Metacom, chief of Wampanoag tribe. Effects of war was English allying with Mohawk tribe, killing Metacom, and quelling resistance
Atlantic Slave Trade
the buying, transporting, and selling of Africans for work in the Americas
Important colonial slave laws
Considered African laboreres as chattel (property)
Made an inheritable trait
Forms and examples of slave resistance
Covert Resistance: (stealth) 1. practiced customs from homeland 2. maintained belief systems 3. spoke native tongue, harmed tools and crops Overt Resistance: (open) revolts
Stono Rebellion (1739)
Slave revolt in South Carolina where slaves got weapons and killed white people. Stopped by militia
Enlightenment in colonies
Social movement encouraging the use of logic and reasoning over blind faith and superstition
John Locke
English enlightenment thinker that proposed concept of Natural Rights
Natural Rights
the idea that all humans are born with inalienable rights
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Swiss-French enlightenment thinker who proposed Social Contract Theory
Social Contract Theory
Belief that citizens and govt are in contract, where citizens abide by law, and govt protect citizens' natural rights
Great Awakening I
A religious revival in the mid 1700s, which encouraged combining religious and enlightenment principles
Jonathan Edwards
New England minister & philosophist who helped spark Great Awakening I
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