Important knowledge grid

13th amendment

1865

abolished slavery

14th amendment

1868

equal citizenship

15th amendment

1670

forbade denial of vote on basis of race

what did the 1866 Civil rights act state?

all races (except native americans) were full citizens of the USA even if they had been slaves

who were the radical Republicans who supported AACR in the Reconstruction period?

Thaddeus Stevens

Charles Sumner

how did president johnson’s attitudes and actions differ from what these radical Republicans hoped?

1. Wanted to re-admit the southern states and return to pre-war relations

2. issued thousands of pardons to southern rebels so rich plantation owners were able to reassert their authority

3. said nothing about the rights of freed slaves, allowing southern states to develop own black codes

what happened to president johnson?

1. johnson vetoed all major pieces of congressional legislation (but these were overriden by 2/3 majority in congress)

2. johnson impeached

how many AA’s were enrolled to vote during the reconstruction period?

700,000 AA men

what evidence is there of AACR political progress in the North in the 1870s?

1. 22 AA men elected to Congress

2. 20 AA men to the house of representatives

3. 2 AA men to the house of senate incl Blanche k.Bruce

how did the Freedman’s Bureau support AACR during the Reconstruction period?

1. supported freed slaves by finding homes, employment, food, education, medical care

2. set up schools and hospitals

3. supported black self-help groups to provide education for black children and adults

how many AA school-aged children in 1890 were unable to write?

65%

(compared to 15% white)

what did the 1875 civil rights act state?

equal rights applied to public areas such as places of enter

what civil rights had been gained by 1877?

1. slavery abolished

2. freedom of movement

3. freedom to marry

4. brief period of being able to vote

5. educational opportunities for the first time but lagged well behind whites

6. made full use of freedom of worship

what had not been achieved by 1877?

1. most lacked land, capital, lucrative employment

2. most men banned from voting by 1877

3. lived in fear of intimidation and violence

4. more formal segregation was begining in the south

when were jim crow laws formally enforced?

1891, but most had developed between 1887-1891

how did the southern states prevent AA’s from voting despite the 15th Amendment outlawing voting discrimination on the grounds of race?

1. poll tax

2. property qualifications

3. literacy tests

4. grandfather clauses

what was the impact of these voting qualifications?

black vote was almost completely eliminated by 1910

which AA leader opposed lynching between 1880-1910?

Ida B. Wells

what was Booker T. Washington’s institute called and when was it established?

Tuskegee Institute 1881

What did Booker T. Washington’s 1895 Atlanta speech say?

if whites could regard AAs as potential economic partners rather than dangerous political opponents, then the race question would be defused. AA should focus on education and economic opportunity, not social equality and voting rights

how else did Booker T. Washington contribute to AACR?

1. Set strict standards for self-discipline for pupils

2. Main AA spokesperson from 1805-1905

3. developed valuable contacts for AA in a white- dominated political world e.g meetings with President Theodore Roosevelt

   1. 1900- established the Negro Business League

   2. published autobiography up from slavery

what criticisms have there been of Booker T Washington?

1. seemed to accept a lower position for AA in society

2. focused on working within the system, rather than changing the system itself

3. did not realise the importance of gaining the vote

4. paranoid about criticism which meant he didnt respond to feedback from others

what was the Niagara Movement?

1905 campaign to restore voting rights, abolish discrimination, rejection of washington’s cautious approach, emphasized protest.

led by W.E.B Du Bois

what criticisms have been made of the Niagara Movement?

1. working people did not relate to them- very cademic approach

2. lacked money and effective organisation

3. achieved little concrete change

what was the aim of the NAACP and when was it formed?

1909

to investigate racism, publicise it, suggest positive solutions, take legal action to enforce the law and the constitution

what had been gained between 1877-1915?

1. Tuskegee Institute improved economic opportunities for some AAs

2. a civil rights protests movement had begun to be developed with the NAACP

what had been lost between 1877-1915/ what other problems had emerged?

1. active political role at lower and sometimes higher levels of government that AAs had had in the south during Reconstruction had disappeared

2. right of AA man to vote had been removed in south

3. disappearing from voting registers meant AA men lost right to serve on juries and therefore give their own race any chance of legal equality

4. climate of fear due to violence and intimidation

5. segregation laws had formalised and increased separation of the races in the south

why was there an increase in AA movement north during WW1?

1. employment opportunities in the north drying up of the European immigrant labour force in war time

2. employment opportunities created by the rapid expansion of the armaments industry

3. expectation of better conditions, voting rights, and greater equality

how many AAs moved north between 1910-1920?

500,000

how many AAs moved north between 1920-1930?

1 million

how many AAs served in ww1?

350,000

what were Marcus Garvey’s main ideas?

1. AAs must return to Africa to achieve fullfillment

2. in the short term, AAs should concentrate on building up their own education and businesses

3. pride in their own culture

what evidence is there that Marcus Garvey was a successful civil rights leader?

1. resonated with working class AAs who were starting to believe that true equality in the US would never come

2. effective orator

3. use of ritual pageantry appealed to AAs- open air parades with millitary style uniform

what evidence is there that Marcus Garvey was not a successful civil rights leader?

1. lacked political strategy

2. more cfoncerned with fancy ventures than addressing immediate social and economic issues

3. suspicions about him increased when he held talks with the kkk in 1922 and when a colleague who was critical of him was murdered in 1923

state two southern racist politicians from the 1920s

Theodore Bilbo

Eugene Taimadge

how did Franklin D Roosevelt (elected 1932) help advance AACR?

1. 1935 30% of AA families on relief c.f 10% whites

2. established of the FEPC

3. Eleanor Roosevelt’s support of black causes and black women was noticeable e.g. publicly supported the NAACP’s anti-lynching bill in the 1930s

what evidence is there that Franklin D. Roosevelt’s impact was limited?

had to rely on southern democrat support to get New Deal legislation through congress, so could not insist on federal action on AACR

what evidence is there of AACR progress by the end of the 1930s?

1. Northern liberal opinion was starting to reject the racist theories of the past

2. AAs starting to play greater role in the cultural, sporting, and artistic life of the US, e.g Harlem Renaissance

3. more substantial AA middle-class was developing

what evidence is there that AACR progress had come to a standstill by the end of the 1930s?

1. NAACP success limited

2. no charismatic personality had emerged to replace the disgraced Marcus Garvey as an AACR leader

3. far less was spent on AA facilities, esp schools

4. AAs still largely excluded from voting in south

5. all white juries persisted

6. housing conditions for most AAs were awful. De facto segregation in north

7. poverty endemic in many black communities

8. de jure segregation rigidly enforced in south

what evidence is there that ww2 was a turning point for AACR?

1. increase in migration North- 500,000 moved during WW2

2. horizons were widened- e.g 100,000 black servicemen sent to england and experienced life in a more equal society

3. AACR campaign pointed out irony of fighting Nazi Germany to preserve freedom of those in europe, when AAs were discriminated in the south- e.g CORE

what evidence is there that the Cold war was a turning point for AACR?

intellectual assault on the racist views that underpinned white supremacy in the usa- how could the usa champion freedom in the world whilst denying it to an important

when was the CORE formed and by whom?

what evidence is there of educational inequalities in the 1940s?

1949; Clarendon county, south carolina: $179 spent on each white child, $43 on each black one

pupil to teacher ratio was 20% better in white schools

state 3 high points of the 1950s:

Brown v Board 1954

Little Rock 1957

Montgomery Bus Boycott 1956

formation of SCLC

emergence of MLK

state 3 low points of the 1950s:

de facto segregation

why can the 1960s be described as a turning point?

CRA 1964

voting act 1965

march on washington &

how many were involved in the March on Washington?

250,000

what did the 1964 Civil Rights Act state?

1. ban on exclusion from restraunts, stores, other public places

2. no racial, sexual or religious discrimination would be lawful

3. no discri

what did the 1965 voting rights act state?

ended all voting qualifications, meant that AAs could now register to vote on equal terms to whites

what evidence is there that the 1965 voting rights act was a turning point for AACR?

1. % of black adults registered to vote in Mississippi 1964: 6.7% , 1968: 67.5%

2. increase in black representatives elected to public office in federal and state positions: 1964: 100 AAs held public office, 1992: over 8,000

3. Harold Washington became mayor of chicago 1983

4. 1992: 36 AAs elected to the house of representatives. AAs were 11% of population and provided over 8% of the house

why did he cr movement falter in the late 196