BIOL2114 Lab Final

blood contents

- 55% plasma
- 45% erythrocytes
- less than 1 % of white blood cells and platelets ( buffy coat )

Erythrocytes

- red blood cells; the most abundant blood cells
- anucleated
- 45% of plasma
- are specialized for the transport of oxygen
- contain large amount of hemoglobin

Platelets (thrombocytes)

- very small, stained purple and scattered b/w the erythrocytes
- range from 150,000 - 160,000
- contain enzymes and other substances important for the process of blood clotting

Leukocytes

- white blood cells
- large nuclei that appear purplish- blue
- range from 5,000 - 10,000
- fight infection

Granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

neutrophil

- multilobed nucleus, pale red and blue cytoplasmic granules
- 50 - 70% of leukocytes
- phagocytize cells that phagocytize bacteria and some fungi

eosinophil

-smaller in size to neutrophils
- have a 2-3 lobed nucleus
-bright red cytoplasmic granules
- 2-4 % of WBCs
- function during allergies, parasitic infections and some autoimmune diseases
- they reduce inflammation and are phagocytic

basophil

- similar in size to neutrophils
- contains numerous large purplish black granules
- bilobed nucleus
- <1% of WBCs
- promote the inflammatory response by the release of histamine and heparin

agranulocyte

- lack cytoplasmic granules
- lymphocyte, monocyte

lymphocyte

- large, dark, spherical nucleus, thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm
- 20 - 40% of WBCs
- involved in immunity by the production of T cells and B cells and NK cells

monocyte

- kidney shaped nucleus, pale blue cytoplasm
- 2 - 8% of WBCs
- phagocytic cells and are the largest leukocyte

Hematocrit percentage in females

37-47%

hematocrit percentage in males

40-54%

platelet count in males

135-317 billion/L

platelet count in females

157-371 billion/L

hemoglobin count in males

14-18 g/dL

hemoglobin count in females

12-16 g/dL

what percentage of plasma is composed of water

90%

what percentage of albumin is in plasma

5%

Hematocrit equation

(RBC volume / total blood volume) x 100

Type A blood

A antigens and anti-B antibodies

Type B blood

B antigens and anti-A antibodies

Type AB blood

A and B antigens, no antibodies

Type O blood

no antigens, A and B antibodies

Rh positive blood

- dominant
- Rh antigen, no Rh antibody

Rh negative blood

- recessive
- no Rh antigen, no Rh antibody

universal donor

O negative

universal recipient

AB

Rules of blood transfusion

+ --> +
- --> -
- --> +
+ can't give to -

red bone marrow

produces WBCs

thymus

in thorax, produces thymosin

spleen

- curves around left side of stomach
- removes abnormal red blood cells

red pulp of spleen

sinuses filled with erythrocytes (RBC)

white pulp of spleen

contains lymphocytes that can stimulate an immune response

Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

mucosal lining

tonsils

- masses of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx
- in pharyngeal region

peyer's patch

in small intestine

cisterna chyli

an enlarged pouch on the thoracic duct that serves as a storage area for lymph

lymphatic capillaries

Small, open-ended lymph vessels that act like drain pipes which picks up lymph at tissues throughout the body

thoracic duct

receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, left arm, and lower extremities

right lymphatic duct

drains right upper arm and right side of head and thorax

appendix

A small, fingerlike extension of the vertebrate cecum; contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity

conducting division

- no gas exchange takes places
- nostrils/ nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngophraynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, smaller bronchioles, terminal bronchiole

respiratory zone

- site of gas exchange
- respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, alveoli

sinuses

air-filled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity

pharynx

has 3 parts: nasopharynx, oropharnyx, laryngopharynx

nasopharynx

- part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages
- includes the soft palate and auditory tube

oropharynx

- the area directly posterior to the mouth
- includes the uvula

laryngopharynx

- region of the pharynx below the epiglottis that includes the larynx
- includes the epiglottis and the hyoid bone

larynx

voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords

thyroid cartilage

The wing-shaped plate of cartilage that sits anterior to the larynx and forms the Adam's apple

cricoid cartilage

the ring-shaped structure that forms the lower portion of the larynx

hyoid bone

a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue.

laryngeal prominence

Adam's apple

epiglottis

A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering

glottis

Opening between vocal cords

arytenoid cartilage

Two small cartilages in the larynx

Thyrohyroid ligament

corniculate cartilage

a pair of horn-like pieces of elastic cartilage located at the apex of each arytenoid cartilage

cuneiform cartilage

a pair of club- or wedge-shaped elastic cartilages anterior to the corniculate cartilages that support the vocal folds and lateral aspects of the epiglottis

tracea

windpipe

bronchial tree

bronchial tree

lungs

-3 lobes on the right and 2 lobes on the left

pleurae

serosa membrane of the lungs

visceral pleura

the inner layer of pleura that surrounds each lung

parietal pleura

outer layer of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall

pleural fluid

lubricates the space between the pleura

trachea histology

lung histology

have a very open space like a honeycomb

alveoli histology

looks like a cluster of grapes

air flow starting with nares and ending with gas exchange at alveoli

nares
nasal cavity
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
larynx
trachea
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli

liver

produces bile

liver histology

- Hepatocytes (liver cells) arranged in lobules
- Hexagonal in shape

liver parts

tooth

tongue histology

salivary gland

Glands of the mouth that produce saliva, a digestive secretion

pharnyx

the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus

esophagus

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach

lower esophageal sphincter

a muscular ring that controls the flow between the esophagus and stomach

stomach

large muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food

stomach

pyloric sphincter

small intestines

- Organ where most chemical digestion and absorption takes place
- duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum
- ileocecal valve

pancreatic amylase

digest carbohydrates

trypsin

digest proteins in small intestine

pancreatic lipase

digest lipids

duodenum

- first portion of the small intestine
- has the pancreas running along it

jejunum

- Middle portion of the small intestine
- the jumble of intestines in the middle

ileum

the last and longest portion of the small intestine

ileocecal valve

valve between the ileum of the small intestine and the cecum of the large intestine

large intestine ( colon )

Absorbs water, vitamins and minerals from gut content

cecum

a pouch connected to the junction of the small and large intestines

rectum

A short tube at the end of the large intestine

hepatic flexure (right colic flexure)

The right bend of the colon, forming the junction between the ascending colon and the transverse colon

splenic flexure (left colic flexure)

the bend in the colon between the transverse colon and the descending colon

falciform ligament

attaches liver to anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm

gallbladder

stores bile

pancreas

produces enzymes for use in digestive and hormones such as gastrin, gherlin, insulin, and glucagon