PSYC 320 (Human Development) Final (birth — early adulthood)

Passionate love

What kind of love is strongest at the beginning of a relationship?

In the workforce

The majority of women with children are ______.

Long-term diffused

Which individuals are the least mature in identity development?

Inferiority

According to Erikson, what danger in middle childhood is reflected in children who lack confidence in their abilities?

Proximity

Once a friendship forms in the school years, what becomes its defining feature?

A brief intervening phase between childhood and full assumption of adult roles

In most tribal and village societies, what is adolescence considered?

Take far greater risks than adults in their twenties

In decision-making, teenagers ____.

Reach values and goals

Identity-diffused individuals are not actively trying to ____.

School-age children who experience rejection because of their gender-atypical traits suffer profoundly.

What is true about gender-atypical children in middle childhood?

Soaring rates of overweight and obesity

A modest, continuing trend toward earlier menarche

Identity development according to modern research

A process of exploration followed by commitment

Fathers figuring out how to relate to their child

Their own fathers

Kohlberg's Stage 4 of moral development

Few people move beyond this stage

Full absorption in identity formation

Late adolescence and early adulthood

American employers' view of recent high school graduates

Unprepared for skilled business, industrial occupations, and manual trades

Decline in divorce rates

Rising age at marriage, which is linked to greater marital satisfaction

Chomsky's nativist theory

Language Acquisition Device with universal grammar allows infants to learn language

Interactionist theories of language development

Emphasize interactions between inner capacities and environmental influences

Pragmatics in conversation development

Effective and appropriate communication

Skilled face-to-face interaction and turn-taking age

Age 2

Inferring speaker's intention age

Age 3

Adjusting speech to fit listener's age, sex, or status age

Age 4

Conversing and giving directions over the phone age

Between ages 4-8

Typical vocabulary by age 2

About 250 words

Typical vocabulary by age 6

About 10,000 words

Fast-mapping

Quickly connecting new words with their meanings using cues

Cues used in fast-mapping

Perceptual, social, and linguistic

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

Emphasizes cooperative dialogue and cultural transmission in child learning

Innermost level in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory

Microsystem

Examples of a child's microsystem

Immediate family, school, neighborhood play area

Exosystem in ecological systems theory

Community health services, extended family, parents' workplace

Outermost level in ecological systems theory

Macrosystem (values, laws, customs)

Psychoanalytic perspective

Views development as discontinuous and influenced by both nature and nurture

Behaviorism and social learning theory

Views development as continuous and emphasizes nurture

Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory

Emphasizes cognitive development and sees it as discontinuous with one course

Information processing theory

Sees development as continuous with one course and influenced by both nature and nurture

Resilience

The ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development

Three domains of development

Physical, Cognitive, Emotional and Social

Physical domain of development

Includes body size, appearance, health, motor skills, etc.

Cognitive domain of development

Intellectual abilities

Emotional and social domain of development

Emotional communication, self-understanding, interpersonal skills, moral reasoning

Neurons

Nerve cells that store and transmit information

Synapses

Tiny gaps between neurons where fibers come close together but don't touch

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals released by neurons that send messages across synapses

Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, Formal operational

Sensorimotor stage

Infants use senses and movement to explore and solve problems (birth-2 years)

Preoperational stage

Children use symbols, language, and make-believe play but lack logic (2-7 years)

Concrete operational stage

Children's reasoning becomes logical and organized (7-11 years)

Formal operational stage

Adolescents think abstractly and use logic and hypotheses (11+ years)

Erikson's 8 psychosocial stages

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (birth-1 yr), 2. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (1-3 yrs), 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 yrs), 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 yrs), 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence), 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Early adulthood), 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood), 8. Integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood)

Bandura's Social Learning Theory

Modeling/observational learning, cognition, personal standards

Observational learning

Learning by imitating others' behavior (e.g., clapping hands like mom)

Cognition in Social Learning Theory

Adds a social-cognitive approach—thinking influences learning

Personal standards in Social Learning Theory

Belief in self-efficacy: confidence in one's abilities to succeed

According to Erikson, if the psychological conflict of adolescence is resolved negatively, a young person experiences ____.

role confusion

Vygotsky saw ____ play as the ideal social context for fostering cognitive development in early childhood.

make-believe

Brain growth is especially dramatic during _____, when the brain more than doubles in size.

the first year

According to Erikson, the danger in the middle childhood is ____, reflected in the pessimism of children who lack confidence in their ability to do things well.

inferiority

The ____ is among the last regions to attain adult levels of synaptic connections.

prefrontal cortex (PFC)

What psychosocial conflict characterizes infancy?

Trust vs. Mistrust — Responsive care leads to trust

How is autonomy developed in toddlerhood?

Guided choices promote autonomy

When do basic emotions emerge?

Smiling at 6 weeks, laughter at 3 months, fear later

What are self-conscious emotions and what do they require?

Shame, guilt, pride — require self-awareness

What are the three types of temperament?

Easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up

What is "goodness-of-fit" in development?

Best outcomes when parenting style matches temperament

What are the four types of attachment?

Secure, avoidant, resistant, disorganized

What is social referencing?

Using others' emotional cues to guide behavior

When does self-awareness typically emerge?

Around age 2; often tested by mirror recognition

What does self-awareness lead to?

Empathy and understanding others' emotions

How does physical growth change in early childhood?

It slows down and brain lateralization increases

What are examples of gross motor skills in early childhood?

Running, jumping

What are examples of fine motor skills in early childhood?

Dressing, drawing

What is preoperational thinking?

Includes pretend play and egocentrism

What did Vygotsky believe about private speech?

Private speech helps children think and learn

What improves with executive function in early childhood?

Planning and memory

What is theory of mind and when does it develop?

Understanding others' beliefs — develops \~age 4-6

What is fast-mapping?

Rapidly learning new words by linking them to known concepts

What is overregularization in language?

Applying grammar rules too broadly (e.g., "goed" instead of "went")

What psychosocial conflict occurs in early childhood?

Initiative vs. Guilt — purposeful play builds confidence

How do young children view self-esteem?

It's high but based on observable traits

How does peer play evolve in early childhood?

From parallel play to cooperative play

How does aggression change in early childhood?

Proactive aggression decreases, reactive aggression increases

What parenting style is linked to the best outcomes?

Authoritative — high warmth and clear limits

What factors are linked to child maltreatment?

Parental stress, isolation, and harsh parenting

What physical changes occur in middle childhood?

Steady growth; girls become taller around age 9

What health issues are common in middle childhood?

Obesity, myopia, and asthma

What cognitive abilities develop during concrete operations?

Logical and reversible thinking

What memory strategies develop in order?

Rehearsal → organization → elaboration

What is Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?

Three types: analytical, creative, practical

What is Gardner's theory of intelligence?

Eight multiple intelligences

How does language improve in middle childhood?

Vocabulary, grammar, and storytelling (narratives) improve

What teaching methods are most effective in middle childhood?

Constructivist and cooperative learning

What defines giftedness?

High IQ and/or creativity

How does the U.S. compare in academic performance?

U.S. test scores are average compared to other nations

What major physical changes occur during adolescence?

Puberty — girls mature earlier; growth and sexual characteristics emerge

How does the adolescent brain change?

Executive function improves; reward sensitivity increases

What is Erikson's stage of adolescence?

Identity vs. Role Confusion — forming values and goals

What identity status is most favorable?

Achievement

What identity status is most concerning?

Diffusion

What is formal operational thinking?

Abstract and logical thought