a&p 2 circulation

What are the three types of blood vessels?

Arteries, capillaries, and veins.

: What do arteries do?

Carry blood away from the heart.

What do veins do?

Carry blood toward the heart.

What do capillaries do?

Exchange gases, nutrients, and wastes.

What are the three layers of a blood vessel wall?

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa.

Which tunic contains endothelium?

Tunica intima.

Which tunic contains smooth muscle?

: Tunica media.

Which tunic is the outermost layer?

Tunica externa.

What are elastic arteries also called?

Conducting arteries

What is the largest elastic artery?

Aorta

What are muscular arteries also called?

Distributing arteries

What are arterioles?

Smallest arteries that regulate blood flow into capillary beds.

What are venules?

Small veins formed when capillaries unite.

Veins are formed by the convergence of what?

Venues

Which vessels contain valves?

Veins

Veins have thicker or thinner walls than arteries?


A: Thinner walls.

Veins have larger or smaller lumens than arteries?

Larger lumen

Blood pressure is higher in arteries or veins?

A: Arteries.

What are the three types of capillaries?

Continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal.

Continuous capillaries in the brain form what?

Blood-brain barrier.

Which capillaries contain pores?

Fenestrated capillaries.

Which capillaries have large gaps and large lumens?

Sinusoidal capillaries.

Sinusoidal capillaries are found where?

Liver, spleen, bone marrow.

What regulates blood flow into capillary beds?


A: Precapillary sphincters.

What is blood pressure?

Force exerted by blood against vessel walls.

Blood pressure is measured in what units?


A: mm Hg.

What is pulse pressure?

Systolic minus diastolic pressure.

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Pressure that drives blood to tissues

Formula for MAP?

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure.

Three major factors affecting blood pressure?

Cardiac output, peripheral resistance, blood volume.

Formula for blood pressure?

BP = CO × PR.

What provides short-term blood pressure control?

Neural and hormonal mechanisms.

What provides long-term blood pressure control?


A: Kidneys.

Where are baroreceptors located?


A: Carotid sinus and aortic arch.

Increased blood pressure stimulates what receptors?

Baroreceptors

Increased baroreceptor activity causes what?

Vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.

Vasomotor centers are located where?
A:

Medulla.

Chemoreceptors respond to what?

Increased CO₂, decreased O₂, decreased pH.

Blood pressure reflexes are integrated where?


A: Medulla oblongata.

Which higher brain centers influence blood pressure?


A: Cortex and hypothalamus.

What hormones are released by the adrenal medulla?


A: Epinephrine and norepinephrine.

What do epinephrine and norepinephrine do?


A: Increase cardiac output and cause vasoconstriction.

What does angiotensin II do?

Vasoconstriction

Low blood pressure causes release of what?


A: Renin.

Renin leads to production of what?


A: Angiotensin II.

Angiotensin II stimulates release of what hormone?

Aldosterone

What is the Circle of Willis?

Cerebral arterial circle.

Which arteries form the basilar artery?


A: Vertebral arteries.

What artery is commonly used to take a pulse at the wrist?


A: Radial artery.

Main artery of the arm?

Brachial artery

Artery in the armpit?

Axillary artery.

Main artery of the thigh?

Femoral artery

Vein commonly used for blood draws?

Median cubital vein.

Largest vein in the body

Great suphenous vein

Largest vein of the upper body?


Superior vena cava.

Largest vein of the lower body?

Inferior vein

Main vein of the thigh?

Femoral vein

Which artery/veins carries nutrient rich blood to the liver

Hepatic portal vein

Which artery/vein carries oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus?

Umbilical vein

There are how many umbilical artery and vein in fetal circulation

• 2 umbilical arteries

• 1 umbilical vein

In a fetus ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk are connected by blank and later becomes a blank

• Ductus arteriosus

• Ligamentum arteriosum

In a fetus the opening in the intrtatrial septum is called and it layers gets covered by a membrane and remain as a depressed area called blank

1. Foramen ovale

2. Fossa ovalis

Umbilical vein revived blood from the blank of the mother body

Placenta

In a fetal circulation umbilical arteries receive ____type of blood from the ___ arteries

1. Deoxygenated

2. Internal iliac

Atrioventricular septal defect mostly occurs in those infants suffering from ______ syndrome and it occurs due to the presence of an extra copy of chromosome number ______

• Down syndrome

• Chromosome 21

In transposition of great vessels, the aorta is connected to the — instead of the —

1. Right ventricle

2. Left ventricle

What are the four defects of Tetralogy of Fallot?

1. Pulmonary stenosis

2. Ventricular septal defect

3. Overriding aorta

4. Right ventricular hypertrophy

Which condition occurs when a valve becomes thickened, stiffened, and does not open properly?

Steroids

A sound of blood flowing from atrium to ventricle heard in stenosis is known as

Heart murmur

Veins that appear twisted, enlarged, and bulging, often in the legs, are called what?

A: Varicose veins.

part of an artery wall weakens, allowing it to widen abnormally or balloon out

Aneurysm

What device is placed in a coronary artery to keep it open?

A stent

Widening of the venules causes thread-like red lines or patterns on the skin ______ or commonly known as ______

• Telangiectasia

• Spider veins

Narrowing of the arteries due to accumulation of fat, cholesterol, and other substances

Atherosclerosis

Death of myocardium due to blockage of coronary circulation is:

Myocardial infarction

Circle of Willis