[P1] BT PART 3

TYPES OF FOOTING

FOOTING

A part of the foundation construction for a building, creating an attachment point between the foundation and the soil.

ISOLATED FOOTING

One of the most common foundation types for supporting single-column arranged at a distance is an isolated footing.

Uses : Used for individual columns carrying light to moderate structural loads where the soil has adequate bearing capacity and columns are spaced far apart.

COMBINED FOOTING

is one that supports two or more columns. It is utilized when two or more columns are near to each other or when two or more individual column footings would overlap.

Uses : Used to transmit loads from closely spaced columns to the ground or when the column faces the plot border.

MAT/RAFT FOOTING

is a continuous slab laid on the ground that supports and transmits the structure’s weight to the ground. It helps in the alleviation of soil stress.

Uses : Used on sites with low soil bearing capacity, where heavy structural loads exist, or where differential settlement must be minimized.

CONTINUOUS FOOTING

A reinforced concrete strip that runs continuously beneath a row of columns or a load-bearing wall. It distributes the load evenly along its length.

Uses : Used to support load-bearing walls or several closely spaced columns in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings.

STRAP FOOTING

It’s a type of composite footing made up of two or more column footings joined by a concrete beam. In a construction foundation, it is used to help distribute the weight of a heavily loaded or eccentrically loaded column footing to adjacent footings.

Uses : Used when an exterior column is located near a property line and cannot have a centered footing. The strap beam balances the eccentric load.

PILE FOOTING

Consists of a reinforced concrete pile cap supported by a group of piles driven or bored into the ground.

Uses : Used where the surface soil is weak or compressible and cannot safely support the building using shallow foundations. Common in high-rise buildings, bridges, and waterfront structures

STEPPED FOOTING

These types of footings were poured at different heights. Although this footer fluctuates in height with the ground, a complicated one appears as a series of steps.

Uses : Used on sloping sites or uneven terrain to provide stable support while reducing excessive excavation and fill.

SLOPED FOOTING

trapezoidal footings are carefully designed and built to maintain a top slope of 45 degrees from all sides. uses less reinforcement and concrete than the plain, isolated footing.

Uses : Used for reinforced concrete structures carrying moderate to heavy loads where economy and structural efficiency are important.

BEAM

is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the beam's axis. Its mode of deflection is primarily by bending.

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

is supported at both ends. One end of the beam is supported by hinge support and the other one by roller support.

Uses: Commonlyusedin residential buildings, bridges, floor systems, and roof framing where spans are moderate.

CONTINUOUS BEAM

This beam is similar to a simply supported beam except more than two support are used on it. One end of it is supported by hinged support and the other one is roller support.

Uses : Used in multi-span bridges, commercial buildings, schools, and reinforced concrete floor systems.

OVERHANGING BEAM

The overhanging beam is a combination of a simply supported beam and a cantilever beam. One or both of the end overhang of this beam.

Uses : Used for roof eaves, balconies, loading platforms, and architectural projections.

CANTILEVER BEAM

a structure member of which one end is fixed and the other is free. This is one of the famous types of beam used in trusses, bridges, and other structural members.

Uses : Used for balconies, canopies, sunshades, overhangs, and projecting building elements.

FIXED BEAM

A beam whose ends are rigidly fixed, preventing both rotation and horizontal movement. This type develops fixed end moments that increase its load-carrying capacity.

Uses : Used in rigid-frame buildings, industrial structures, and reinforced concrete frames where minimal deflection is required.

REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

A beam made of concrete reinforced with steel bars to resist tensile and compressive forces.

Uses: Widely used in residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial buildings as floor and roof beams

STEEL BEAM

A structural beam fabricated from steel sections such asI-beams, H-beams, or wide flange sections.

Uses : Used in high-rise buildings, warehouses, factories, bridges, and long-span structures due to its high strength.

TIMBER BEAM

A beam constructed from solid wood or engineered wood products to support structural loads.

Uses : Used in residential houses, cabins, roof framing, and traditional wooden structures

SLAB

is a flat, two-dimensional planar structural component of a building having a very small thickness contrasted with its other two dimensions.

CONVENTIONALSLAB

is a flat, horizontal structure supported by columns. It is a common type of floor system used in residential and commercial buildings.

ONE-WAYSLAB

is a slab supported on two opposite sides and spans in one direction. This type of slab is usually used for small spans and is supported on beams or walls.

Uses : Used in residential buildings, classrooms, offices, and other structures where the slab spans between two parallel beams or walls.

TWO-WAY SLAB

is a slab that is supported on all four sides and spans in both directions. This type of slab is used for larger spans and is supported on columns or walls.

Uses : Used in commercial buildings, hospitals, schools, and buildings with nearly square panel layouts.

FLAT SLAB

is a reinforced concrete slab that rests directly on columns without the use of supporting beams. It may include drop panels or column capitals to resist punching shear.

Uses: Used in offices, hotels, shopping malls, hospitals, and parking buildings where a flat ceiling and flexible space planning are desired.

WAFFLE SLAB

is a two-way ribbed slab with ribs running perpendicular to each other, forming a grid pattern on the underside.

Uses : Used in airports, auditoriums, exhibition halls, shopping malls, and buildings with large column-free spaces.

RIBBED SLAB

consists of a thin concrete slab supported by closely spaced reinforced concrete ribs or joists, reducing the amount of concrete while maintaining strength.

Uses : Used in long-span floors, auditoriums, schools, commercial buildings, and structures requiring reduced self-weight.

HOLLOW CORE SLAB

A precast, prestressed concrete slab containing continuous hollow cores that reduce its weight while maintaining structural strength.

Uses : Used in multi-storey buildings, parking structures, schools, and commercial buildings requiring rapid construction.