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Consent Decree
A federal court order that requires changes to a police department to ensure it operates in a constitutional manner.
Tennessee v. Garner
A Supreme Court case that restricted police use of deadly force, requiring specific conditions to be met.
Hung Jury
A jury that cannot reach a unanimous decision, resulting in a mistrial.
Police Brutality
The use of excessive force by law enforcement officers against suspects.
Excessive Force
Coercion beyond what is necessary to control participants or suspects in a conflict.
Indeterminate Sentencing
A sentencing model where judges set a minimum and maximum range of imprisonment.
Furman v. Georgia
A 1972 Supreme Court case that temporarily halted the death penalty in the U.S. due to inconsistent application.
Probation
A sentencing option where offenders are monitored in the community instead of serving time in prison.
Prisonization
The process by which inmates adapt to the norms and values of the prison culture.
Juvenile Justice System
A legal framework aimed at rehabilitating minors rather than punishing them.
Balanced and Restorative Justice
An approach emphasizing accountability through actions that repair harm to victims and the community.
Deadly Force
The use of force that is likely to cause death or serious bodily harm.
Selective Enforcement
The ability of police to choose which laws to enforce and when.
Arraignment
A court proceeding where a defendant enters a plea of guilty, not guilty, or no contest.
Prosecutor
The legal representative of the state who decides whether to charge a person with a crime.
Defense Attorney
A lawyer who represents the accused person in a criminal trial.
Dual Court System
The separate state and federal court systems in the United States.
Substantive Law
The part of law that defines crimes and punishments.
Procedural Law
The part of law that outlines the procedures and processes in legal matters.
Jury Trial
A legal trial where a jury makes a decision on guilt or innocence.
Automatic Appellate Review
The mandatory review process in capital cases giving defendants six automatic appeals.
School to Prison Pipeline
A phenomenon where disciplinary actions in schools push at-risk youth into the juvenile justice system.
Aggressive Patrol
A strategy where police heavily patrol certain areas to deter crime through frequent stops and investigations.
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