Brain and Behavior 12-13

Classical Conditioning

Pairing 2 stimuli changes the response to one of them

Instrumental Conditioning

Operant conditioning, an individuals response followed by reinforcer or punishment

Reinforcers

Events that increase probability that response will occur again

Punishment

Events that decrease probability that response will occur again

Delayed Response Task

Common test of WM, requires responding to something hear or seen a short while ago

Delayed matching-to-sample tasks

Subject sees an object and later has to choose the object that matches

Delayed nonmatching-to-sample tasks

Subject sees an object and has to later choose the object that is different

Striatum

Contains tihei caudate nucleus and putamen

Hebbian Synapse

Synapse that increases in effectiveness because of simultaneous activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

Habituation in Aplysia

Decrease in response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly and accompanied by no change in other stimuli

Sensitization

Increase to response a mild stimulus as a result to previous exposure to more intense stimuli

Specificity

Only synapses onto a cell that has been highly active become strengthened

Cooperativity

Simultaneous stimulation by 2 or more axons produces LTP much more strongly than does repeated stimulation by a single axon

Associativity

Pairing a week input with a strong input enhances later responses to a weak input

Compensatory Process

As one synapse strengthens, another weakens

Presynaptic Changes

Changes in the presynaptic neuron can also cause LTP

(LTD) Long-Term Depressioni

Prolonged decrease in response at a synapse that occurs when axons have been less active than others

Retrograde Transmitter

Release caused by extensive stimulation of a post synaptic cell. Travels back to the presynaptic cell to cause: decrease in AP threshold, increase neurotransmitter release, expansions of the axons, transmitter release from additional sites

Long-Term Potentiation

Prolonged decrease in response at a synapse that occurs when axons have been less active than others

Language Acquisition Device

Built in mechanism for language

Aphasia

Language impairement

Inactivation of Left Hemisphere

Cannot Speak

Inactivation of Right Hemisphere

Can describe a traumatic/emotional experience but cannot remember feeling the emotion

Backward Masking

Brief stimulus and final stimulus presented

Masking

Brief visual stimulus is preceded and followed by longer interfering stimuli

Altruism

Most people tend to be more generous toward those they see as similar to themselves