Bio Unit 2 Animal Physiology Chp. 1: Breathing and Gas Exchange

OBJQ + OBJR
Name the structures involved in gas exchange.

Nose, Epiglottis, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli, Pleural membrane, rib

OBJQ + OBJR
Name the muscles involved in ventilation or respiration

Internal intercostal muscle 

External intercostal muscle 

Diaphragm

OBJQ
Explain the differences between inspiration and expiration

OBJQ

What are the adaptive features of alveoli/alveolar membrane?

• Numerous→increase surface area→diffusion of O2 and CO2

• Moist→dissolve gas

• Thin (one cell thick)→easy diffusion of gases

• Network of capillaries→maintain concentration gradient

• Short distance→easy diffusion

Label the structures involved in respiration/ventilation

Label the intercostal muscles

Define the differences between muscles and ribs during inhalation and exhalation

Label this part of alveoli

FAQ

What is the composition of inspired and expired air?

Why is O2 % low in expired air?O₂

O₂ in expired air has a lower % because O₂ is used up in aerobic respiration.

Why is CO2 % hair? the CO₂igh in expired air?the CO₂

CO2respiration. in expired air has a higher % because CO₂CO₂ is produced in aerobic respiration.CO₂

What is the function of mucus and cilia in the airway?

• Mucus→trap dust and bacteria→trapped pathogenic particle,

• Cilia→have flicking movement forward and backward→sweep trapped particles away from the lungs and prevent infection of the lungs

What are 6 smoking-related diseases?

• Bronchitis 

• Emphysema

• Lung cancer

• Coronary heart disease

• Ulcers of stomach/intestinal 

• Underweight babies of pregnant woman

OBJQ
Explain coronary heart disease

• Smoke → chemicals in nicotine enter as a deposit in the coronary artery 

• Hardening of blood vessels 

• Blood pressure increases 

• Coronary heart disease.

Explain lung cancer

• Chemicals in smoke, nicotine and other chemicals → deposit in the lungs

• Carcinogen form (cancer-producing substances)

• Mutation

• Lung cancer

Explain intestinal/stomach ulcers.

Nicotine and chemicals irritate the epithelial cells lining the intestine or stomach

Explain COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and bronchitis

Explain COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and emphysema (8 points)

Explain the effects of smoking in a pregnant mother (7 points)

What is the yellow staining in teeth and hands called and why aren’t they nicotine?

Yellow staining is called tar. They aren’t nicotine because nicotine is a colourless and odourless chemical.

State how ex-smokers can quit smoking?

Vaping, nicotine patches, nicotine chewing gum, drugs to reduce withdrawal symptoms, acupuncture, hypnotism

Name the basic chemicals included in cigarettes: nicotine

1. Carbon monoxide 

2. Arsenic

3. Ammonia 

4. Formaldehyde 

5. Cyanide

6. Benzene

7. Toluene

P.A
Explain by comparing the carbon dioxide content of the inhaled and exhaled air. Describe apparatus first, then test procedure, result and interpretation

Apparatus

2 Test tubes, A and B

Delivery tube

Stopper

Lime water or hydrogen carbonate indicator

Test procedure

- Add one-third full of lime water or hydrogen carbonate indicator to each test tube

- Breathe gently in and out through the middle tube.

-Exhaled air passes out through one tube of indicator solution

-inhaled air is drawn in through the other tube

Result

If limewater is used, the limewater in the 'exhaled' tube will turn cloudy before the limewater

in the 'inhaled' tube.

If hydrogen carbonate indicator solution is used, it changes from red to yellow.

Interpretation

Carbon dioxide concentration is higher in exhaled air than inhaled air; this causes colour

changes of indicator solution from red to yellow/ cloudy (limewater)

FAQ

Why does breathing rate/heart rate increase during exercise?

• During exercise, skeletal muscle needs muscle contraction.

• More muscle contraction is needed. 

• Muscle contraction needs more energy. 

• To supply more energy, more aerobic respiration has to be done

• To do more aerobic respiration, more O₂ & glucose are needed. 

• To supply more O₂ & glucose, breathing rate and heart rate is increased

FAQ

Why is the breathing rate still increased after vigorous exercise?

• During vigorous exercise, aerobic respiration as well as anaerobic respiration are needed

• Anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid 

• Lactic acid accumulation causes fatigue (because pH went down)

• To break down lactic acid in the liver, O₂ is needed. This is called oxygen debt. 

• To repay O₂ debt, breathing rate is increased after vigorous exercise.

FAQ
Explain how breathing rate is controlled

• During exercise, skeletal muscle needs muscle contraction.

• More muscle contraction is needed. 

• Muscle contraction needs more energy. 

• To supply more energy, more aerobic respiration has to be done

• As a result of aerobic respiration, CO2 concentration increases in the blood 

• Increased CO2 concentration is detected by the brain. 

• The brain sends impulses to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to control breathing. 

• In this way, breathing is controlled.

P.A
Explain the investigation into the Effect of Exercise on Breathing Rate

Apparatus

Stop watch

2 students

Method

• Work out student A's breathing rate at rest

• Count the number of breaths for 15 seconds and multiply by 4

• Repeat several times to calculate an average

• Student A should then exercise for a set time (at least 4 minutes)

• Immediately after exercising, count the breaths taken in 15 seconds and multiply by 4

to obtain the breathing rate per minute

• Compare the result to the breathing rate at rest and change in breathing rate as a result

of exercise

• Repeat this last step every minute after exercise for 5 minutes

• Repeat the process for student B

• Finally, repeat the whole investigat

What are the withdrawal symptoms?

-Craving for cigarettes, restlessness and tendency to put on weight