ROCKS

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21 Terms

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Igneous Rock

Rocks formed from the cooling and solidification of molten rock (magma or lava).

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Magma

Molten rock material located beneath the earth's surface.

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Extrusive Igneous Rock

Igneous rocks that form when magma erupts onto the Earth's surface as lava.

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Intrusive Igneous Rock

Igneous rocks that form from the solidification of magma beneath the Earth's surface.

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Bowen's Reaction Series

A concept that explains the order in which minerals crystallize from cooling magma.

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Felsic Rocks

Igneous rocks that are rich in lighter minerals, such as quartz and feldspar.

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Mafic Rocks

Igneous rocks that are rich in dark-colored minerals, such as olivine and pyroxene.

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Diagenesis

The process through which sediment is transformed into sedimentary rock.

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Lithification

The process of turning loose sediment into solid rock through compaction and cementation.

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Foliated Texture

A characteristic of metamorphic rocks where mineral grains are aligned in parallel layers.

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Non-foliated Texture

A characteristic of metamorphic rocks that do not have a layered appearance but may be massive or granular.

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Sedimentary Rock

Rocks formed by the accumulation and compaction of mineral and organic particles.

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Weathering

The process that breaks down rocks into smaller particles by physical or chemical means.

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Transportation

The movement of sediments from their source to a deposition site by agents like wind or water.

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Deposition

The accumulation of sediments when a transporting medium loses energy.

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Metamorphism

The process of changing pre-existing rocks under heat, pressure, and chemical activity.

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Clastic Sedimentary Rock

Rocks formed from the accumulation of fragments of pre-existing rocks.

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Chemical Sedimentary Rock

Rocks formed from the precipitation of minerals from solution.

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Biological Sedimentary Rock

Rocks formed from the accumulation of organic matter from living organisms.

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Contact Metamorphism

Metamorphism that occurs when rocks are heated by nearby molten magma.

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Regional Metamorphism

Metamorphism that occurs over large areas under high pressure and temperature.