Learn: Correlational Research & Observation Methods in Psychology

What is correlational research?

Correlational research examines the relationship between two variables to see if they are connected, without manipulating them.

What is the biggest rule in correlational research?

Correlation does not equal causation; just because two variables are related does not mean one causes the other.

What is a positive correlation?

A positive correlation occurs when two variables move in the same direction; as one increases, the other increases.

Provide an example of a positive correlation.

As hours studied increase, test scores tend to increase.

What is a negative correlation?

A negative correlation occurs when two variables move in opposite directions; as one increases, the other decreases.

Provide an example of a negative correlation.

As stress increases, hours of sleep tend to decrease.

What does the r value indicate?

The r value indicates the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables.

What does an r value of +0.80 signify?

An r value of +0.80 indicates a strong positive correlation.

What does an r value of -0.85 signify?

An r value of -0.85 indicates a strong negative correlation.

What is the range of r values?

The r value ranges from -1 to +1.

What is participant observation?

Participant observation is when a researcher joins the group or activity being studied.

What is non-participant observation?

Non-participant observation is when a researcher watches without joining the activity or group.

What is covert observation?

Covert observation means the participants do not know they are being observed.

What is overt observation?

Overt observation means the participants are aware they are being observed.

What is observer bias?

Observer bias occurs when a researcher's expectations influence what they notice or record.

What is participant reactivity?

Participant reactivity happens when individuals change their behavior because they know they are being observed.

What is the difference between participant and non-participant observation?

Participant observation involves joining the group, while non-participant observation involves watching from outside.

What is the ethical concern with covert observation?

Covert observation raises ethical concerns regarding informed consent and privacy.

What is the advantage of overt observation?

Overt observation is generally more ethical because participants know about the observation.

What does a strong correlation indicate about the r value?

A strong correlation indicates that the r value is closer to +1 or -1.

What does an r value of 0 indicate?

An r value of 0 indicates no correlation between the variables.

How can you determine the strength of a correlation?

The strength of a correlation is determined by how far the r value is from 0, regardless of its sign.

What is the memory trick for remembering correlation and causation?

Correlation = Connection; Causation = Cause.

What is the difference between positive and negative correlation?

In positive correlation, both variables move in the same direction; in negative correlation, they move in opposite directions.

What happens in participant + covert observation?

The researcher joins the group, but participants do not know they are being studied.

What happens in non-participant + overt observation?

The researcher watches without joining, and participants know they are being observed.