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Define market failure.
Free markets cause a misallocation of resources, so allocative efficiency is not achieved and MSB ≠ MSC.
Complete market failure?
A market does not exist at all for a good.
Partial market failure?
A market exists but produces the wrong quantity/price.
Define externality.
A cost/benefit from an economic transaction experienced by a third party and not reflected in market price.
MPC?
Cost to the producer of producing one additional unit.
MSC?
Total cost to society of one additional unit: MPC + external cost.
MPB?
Benefit to the consumer of consuming one additional unit.
MSB?
Total benefit to society: MPB + external benefit.