Cellular Components Mock Exam

C

What is the smallest structural and functional unit of life?

a) Organ

b) Tissue

c) Cell

d) Molecule

B

Which type of cell does not have membrane-bound structures?

a) Eukaryotic Cell

b) Prokaryotic Cell

c) Animal Cell

d) Plant Cell

D

What is an example of a prokaryotic cell?

a) Human

b) Plant

c) Fungi

d) Bacteria

C

Which type of cell contains organelles surrounded by membranes?

a) Prokaryotic Cell

b) Bacterial Cell

c) Eukaryotic Cell

d) Viral Cell

C

What is present in plant cells for photosynthesis but absent in animal cells?

a) Mitochondria

b) Nucleus

c) Chloroplasts

d) Cell Wall

C

Which feature gives shape and support to plant cells?

a) Plasma Membrane

b) Cytoplasm

c) Cell Wall

d) Vacuole

B

What type of vacuole is typically found in animal cells?

a) One large central vacuole

b) Many small vacuoles

c) Absent

d) Only temporary vacuoles

C

What is usually absent in most plant cells but present in animal cells, involved in cell division?

a) Ribosomes

b) Mitochondria

c) Centrioles

d) Golgi Apparatus

B

Which organelle is present in animal cells but rare in plant cells and functions in digestion?

a) Mitochondria

b) Lysosomes

c) Chloroplasts

d) Endoplasmic Reticulum

C

What is the energy source used by animal cells?

a) Chloroplasts only

b) Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

c) Mitochondria only

d) Nucleus

C

What is the outer boundary of the cell that separates the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid?

a) Cell Wall

b) Nucleus

c) Plasma Membrane

d) Cytosol

C

According to cell theory, all living things are made up of what?

a) Organs

b) Tissues

c) Cells

d) Systems

C

According to cell theory, where do all cells come from?

a) Spontaneous generation

b) Non-living matter

c) Preexisting cells

d) Genetic mutation

C

What are all body cells except reproductive cells called?

a) Gametes

b) Sex Cells

c) Somatic Cells

d) Germ Cells

B

What is the male reproductive cell?

a) Oocyte

b) Sperm cell

c) Zygote

d) Embryo

C

What is the immature egg cell that can develop into an egg?

a) Sperm cell

b) Zygote

c) Oocyte

d) Ovary

C

What is the process where cells use molecules to perform functions and produce ATP and heat?

a) Reproduction

b) Communication

c) Metabolism

d) Homeostasis

D

What do cells use to pass on genetic information when they divide or during reproduction?

a) Proteins

b) Lipids

c) Carbohydrates

d) DNA

D

What is the watery environment that surrounds the cell?

a) Cytosol

b) Cytoplasm

c) Intracellular Fluid

d) Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

C

What is the material inside the cell, excluding the nucleus?

a) Cytosol

b) Extracellular Fluid

c) Cytoplasm

d) Plasma Membrane

B

What is the fluid part of the cytoplasm where chemical reactions occur?

a) Organelles

b) Cytosol

c) Nucleoplasm

d) Matrix

C

What are the structures within the cytoplasm that carry out specific cell functions?

a) Inclusions

b) Cytosol

c) Organelles

d) Ribosomes

B

What is the main function of the plasma membrane in relation to the cell's environment?

a) Molecule synthesis

b) Physical isolation

c) Energy production

d) Genetic storage

C

What type of permeability does the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane exhibit?

a) Impermeable

b) Fully permeable

c) Selective permeability

d) Non-permeable

C

What component of the plasma membrane helps with fluidity and stability?

a) Proteins

b) Carbohydrates

c) Cholesterol

d) Glycocalyx

C

What type of plasma membrane proteins span the entire membrane and contain both polar and nonpolar regions?

a) Peripheral proteins

b) Anchoring proteins

c) Integral proteins

d) Recognition proteins

C

What type of plasma membrane proteins attach to the inner or outer surfaces only?

a) Integral proteins

b) Carrier proteins

c) Peripheral proteins

d) Channel proteins

D

Which functional category of plasma membrane proteins label cells as self vs. foreign?

a) Anchoring proteins

b) Enzymes

c) Receptor proteins

d) Recognition proteins

C

Which plasma membrane proteins catalyze reactions on inner or outer surfaces?

a) Carrier proteins

b) Receptor proteins

c) Enzymes

d) Channel proteins

C

Which plasma membrane proteins bind ligands and initiate cellular responses?

a) Channel proteins

b) Carrier proteins

c) Receptor proteins

d) Recognition proteins

C

What type of channel proteins are always open?

a) Gated channels

b) Uniporters

c) Nongated/leak channels

d) Symporters

C

What type of carrier protein moves two substances in the same direction across the membrane?

a) Uniporter

b) Antiporter

c) Symporter

d) Channel protein

C

What is the sugary coat formed by glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans that extends outside the plasma membrane?

a) Phospholipid bilayer

b) Cholesterol

c) Glycocalyx

d) Cytoskeleton

B

Which plasma membrane attachment molecules help cells attach to other cells?

a) Integrins

b) Cadherins

c) Glycocalyx

d) Recognition proteins

C

What is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm, also known as intracellular fluid?

a) Extracellular Fluid

b) Nucleoplasm

c) Cytosol

d) Matrix

B

What is the chemical composition of cytosol regarding potassium and sodium?

a) Low potassium / High sodium

b) High potassium / Low sodium

c) Equal potassium / Equal sodium

d) No potassium / No sodium

C

What are stored materials not enclosed by a membrane, found floating in the cytosol?

a) Organelles

b) Vesicles

c) Inclusions

d) Vacuoles

D

What is an example of an inclusion used for energy storage in liver and muscle cells?

a) Lipid droplets

b) Melanin

c) Hemoglobin

d) Glycogen granules

B

Which category of organelles do not have a surrounding membrane and are in direct contact with the cytosol?

a) Membranous Organelles

b) Nonmembranous Organelles

c) Lysosomes

d) Mitochondria

C

Which nonmembranous organelle provides structure and support to the cell?

a) Ribosomes

b) Microvilli

c) Cytoskeleton

d) Centrioles

C

Which nonmembranous organelle increases surface area for absorption?

a) Cilia

b) Flagella

c) Microvilli

d) Centrioles

C

Which nonmembranous organelle is involved in cell division?

a) Ribosomes

b) Proteasomes

c) Centrioles

d) Cytoskeleton

C

Which nonmembranous organelle moves substances across the cell surface?

a) Flagella

b) Microvilli

c) Cilia

d) Ribosomes

B

Which nonmembranous organelle makes proteins?

a) Proteasomes

b) Ribosomes

c) Centrioles

d) Cytoskeleton

B

Which nonmembranous organelle breaks down damaged or unneeded proteins?

a) Ribosomes

b) Proteasomes

c) Lysosomes

d) Peroxisomes

B

Which category of organelles are enclosed by a membrane and separated from the cytosol?

a) Nonmembranous Organelles

b) Membranous Organelles

c) Inclusions

d) Cytoskeleton

C

Which membranous organelle stores genetic material (DNA)?

a) Endoplasmic Reticulum

b) Golgi Apparatus

c) Nucleus

d) Mitochondria

D

Which membranous organelle synthesizes proteins and lipids?

a) Golgi Apparatus

b) Lysosomes

c) Peroxisomes

d) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

B

Which membranous organelle processes and packages proteins/lipids?

a) Endoplasmic Reticulum

b) Golgi Apparatus

c) Mitochondria

d) Lysosomes

C

Which membranous organelle digests cellular waste and foreign materials?

a) Peroxisomes

b) Mitochondria

c) Lysosomes

d) Nucleus

C

Which membranous organelle breaks down fatty acids and detoxifies chemicals?

a) Lysosomes

b) Mitochondria

c) Peroxisomes

d) Endoplasmic Reticulum

D

Which membranous organelle produces ATP?

a) Nucleus

b) Golgi Apparatus

c) Endoplasmic Reticulum

d) Mitochondria

C

What is the thinnest cytoskeletal fiber, made of actin?

a) Microtubules

b) Intermediate Filaments

c) Microfilaments

d) Centrioles

B

What cytoskeletal protein strengthens the cell and helps resist mechanical stress?

a) Microfilaments

b) Intermediate Filaments

c) Microtubules

d) Actin

C

What is the thickest cytoskeletal fiber, made of tubulin?

a) Microfilaments

b) Intermediate Filaments

c) Microtubules

d) Keratin

C

What forms spindle fibers in cell division?

a) Microfilaments

b) Intermediate Filaments

c) Microtubules

d) Centrioles

C

Where are centrioles found, a specialized area of the cytoplasm near the nucleus?

a) Nucleolus

b) Nuclear envelope

c) Centrosome

d) Cytosol

C

What is the barrel-shaped organelle made of 9 triplets of microtubules?

a) Ribosome

b) Mitochondrion

c) Centriole

d) Lysosome

B

What serves as organizing centers for microtubules?

a) Ribosomes

b) Centrioles

c) Microfilaments

d) Golgi Apparatus

C

What are tiny, fingerlike projections of the plasma membrane that increase surface area?

a) Cilia

b) Flagella

c) Microvilli

d) Pseudopods

C

Which cellular extension aids in nutrient absorption in the small intestine?

a) Cilia

b) Flagella

c) Microvilli

d) Stereocilia

C

What are short, whip-like, motile extensions of the cell made of microtubules?

a) Microvilli

b) Flagella

c) Cilia

d) Pseudopods

C

Which cellular extension moves fluids across the cell's surface by beating in a coordinated pattern?

a) Microvilli

b) Flagella

c) Cilia

d) Stereocilia

C

What is the long, tail-like structure made of microtubules that moves the entire cell?

a) Cilia

b) Microvilli

c) Flagella

d) Pseudopod

D

In humans, which cells contain flagella for movement?

a) Skin cells

b) Muscle cells

c) Nerve cells

d) Sperm cells

B

What are ribosomes composed of?

a) Lipids and carbohydrates

b) Protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

c) DNA and proteins

d) Enzymes and ions

C

What is the site of protein synthesis?

a) Nucleus

b) Mitochondria

c) Ribosomes

d) Golgi Apparatus

C

What type of ribosomes float in the cytoplasm and produce proteins used inside the cell?

a) Fixed ribosomes

b) Bound ribosomes

c) Free ribosomes

d) Secretory ribosomes

B

What type of ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum?

a) Free ribosomes

b) Fixed ribosomes

c) Cytosolic ribosomes

d) Mobile ribosomes

C

Which organelle houses the DNA and acts as the control center of the cell?

a) Mitochondria

b) Endoplasmic Reticulum

c) Nucleus

d) Golgi Apparatus

C

What is the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus?

a) Plasma membrane

b) Nuclear pore

c) Nuclear envelope

d) Cell wall

C

What controls the movement of materials into and out of the nucleus?

a) Chromatin

b) Nucleolus

c) Nuclear pores

d) Nucleoplasm

C

What is made of DNA + proteins (histones) and appears as a tangled mass in a non-dividing cell?

a) Nucleolus

b) Chromosomes

c) Chromatin

d) Nucleoplasm

D

What is the dark, dense region inside the nucleus that is the site of ribosome production?

a) Chromatin

b) Nucleoplasm

c) Nuclear envelope

d) Nucleolus

B

What is the fluid inside the nucleus?

a) Cytosol

b) Nucleoplasm

c) Extracellular Fluid

d) Matrix

B

What is the network of membranes and tubules connected to the outer nuclear envelope?

a) Golgi Apparatus

b) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

c) Mitochondria

d) Lysosomes

B

What are the fluid-filled sacs or chambers inside the ER membranes?

a) Vesicles

b) Cisternae

c) Vacuoles

d) Lumen

B

Which part of the ER has ribosomes attached to its surface?

a) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

b) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

c) Golgi Apparatus

d) Nuclear envelope

B

Which part of the ER lacks ribosomes and synthesizes lipids?

a) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

b) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

c) Golgi Apparatus

d) Nuclear envelope

C

What is a stack of flattened membranous sacs located near the ER?

a) Endoplasmic Reticulum

b) Mitochondria

c) Golgi Apparatus

d) Lysosomes

A

What organelle receives materials from the ER and modifies, sorts, and distributes them?

a) Golgi Apparatus

b) Ribosomes

c) Nucleus

d) Peroxisomes

D

What are small membrane-bound sacs that pinch off from the Golgi apparatus and release substances outside the cell?

a) Lysosomes

b) Peroxisomes

c) Mitochondria

d) Secretory Vesicles

A

What is the process by which secretory vesicles release their contents outside the cell?

a) Exocytosis

b) Phagocytosis

c) Endocytosis

d) Pinocytosis

A

What are vesicles filled with powerful digestive enzymes and acidic fluid, often called the cell's "digestive system"?

a) Lysosomes

b) Mitochondria

c) Peroxisomes

d) Golgi Apparatus

D

Which lysosomal function involves breaking down large molecules, invaders, and recycling damaged organelles?

a) Autolysis

b) Secretion

c) Synthesis

d) Cellular Cleanup

A

What is the process where a cell is damaged beyond repair, and lysosome membranes break, leading to the breakdown of the entire cell?

a) Autolysis

b) Exocytosis

c) Digestion

d) Endocytosis

D

What are small enzyme-containing vesicles that contain oxidases and catalases?

a) Lysosomes

b) Mitochondria

c) Secretory Vesicles

d) Peroxisomes

B

Which peroxisome function involves neutralizing harmful substances like alcohol and toxins?

a) Fatty Acid Metabolism

b) Detoxification

c) Energy Production

d) Protein Synthesis

D

What do oxidases in peroxisomes convert free radicals into?

a) Water

b) Oxygen

c) Fatty acids

d) Hydrogen peroxide (H2​O2​)

B

What breaks down H2​O2​ into water and oxygen in peroxisomes?

a) Oxidases

b) Catalases

c) Hydrolases

d) Ligases

A

In which cells are peroxisomes abundant due to their crucial role in detoxification?

a) Liver and kidney cells

b) Skin and bone cells

c) Muscle and nerve cells

d) Blood and reproductive cells

D

What is the first step in intracellular digestion where the cell membrane wraps around external material?

a) Digestion

b) Fusion of Vesicle and Lysosome

c) Vesicle Internalization

d) Vesicle Formation (Endocytosis)

A

What is the main function of the mitochondria?

a) Production of ATP (energy currency)

b) Detoxification

c) Protein synthesis

d) Storage of genetic material

B

What is the inner membrane of the mitochondria folded into?

a) Matrix

b) Cristae

c) Outer membrane

d) Intermembrane space

D

What substance is found inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria, where enzymatic reactions occur?

a) Cytosol

b) Intermembrane space

c) Nucleoplasm

d) Matrix

B

What is the space between the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes?

a) Matrix

b) Intermembrane Space

c) Cristae

d) Cytosol

A

What type of respiration occurs in the mitochondria to convert chemical energy from nutrients into usable ATP?

a) Aerobic respiration

b) Fermentation

c) Anaerobic respiration

d) Glycolysis

B

Which component is present in plant cells that is absent in animal cells, giving them a fixed shape?

a) Centrioles

b) Cell Wall

c) Lysosomes

d) Vacuole

D

Which principle of cell theory states that cells are the smallest units of life that can carry out all essential functions?

a) All living things are made of cells.

b) All cells come from preexisting cells.

c) Cells maintain homeostasis.

d) Cells are the basic functional unit of life.

C

What is the primary role of integral proteins in the plasma membrane?

a) Support cytoskeleton

b) Bind ligands

c) Span the membrane to transport or signal

d) Recognize self vs. foreign cells