Global Health Test 1 (Ch.1-3)

Global Health

Field of academic study, research, and applied practice that seeks to improve population health worldwide (primarily seeking to address problems that affect everyone)

PACES

Population, Action, Cooperation, Equity, Security

(P)ACES

Population- global health interventions targeting issues affecting large number of individuals

P(A)CES

Action- values of global health principles and theories leading to improved health in real world by identifying best interventions and implementing them

PA(C)ES

Cooperation- recognizing that cross-border threats can only be solved through international partnerships

PAC(E)S

Equity- attention to health issues that affect low income countries and disadvantaged populations

PACE(S)

Security- health as a foundation for safe and peaceful countries

Health Equity

When everyone has an equal opportunity to be as healthy as possible

WHO definition of “health”

“A state of complete physical, metal, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”

Population health

Health outcomes and determinants of health in groups of humans at different population levels (ex: community, regional, national, and/or worldwide level)

Determinants of health

Biological, behavioral, social, environmental, political, and other factors that influence the health status of individuals and populations

Population-based interventions

Determinants of health enable individuals to adopt healthier behaviors that improve their own health outcomes; when health outcomes for individuals improves, the overall health status of their communities improves

Global health intervention

Strategic action intended to improve individual and population health status

Systems thinking

Process of identifying the underlying causes of complex problems so that sustainable solutions can be developed and implemented

Prevention science

Process of determining which preventive health interventions are effective at improving health status, ow successful those interventions are in various populations, and how readily they can be scaled up for widespread implementation

Implementation science

Scientific study of how to increase uptake of evidence-based practices and policies after effective interventions have been identified

Primary prevention

Protective actions that help keep an adverse health event from ever occurring

Secondary prevention

Detection of health problems in asymptomatic individuals at an early age when the conditions have not yet caused significant damage to the body and can be treated more easily

Tertiary prevention

Interventions that reduce impairment, minimize pain and suffering, and restore function in people with symptomatic health problems

Health transition

Shift in health status of a population that usually occurs in conjunction with socioeconomic development

Risk transition

Health transition characterized by a shift from exposures like malnutrition, unsafe water, and indoor air pollution that increase the risk of childhood infectious diseases causing most preventable morbidity and mortality in a population to exposures like obesity, physical inactivity, and tobacco use that increase the risk of chronic diseases being the most prominent risk factor

Health disparity

Avoidable difference in health status between population groups

Globalization

Process of countries around the world becoming more integrated and interdependent across economic, political, cultural, and other domains

Pathogen

Bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease

Human security

Freedom from fear and freedom from want that results from having health security, economic security, food security, environmental security, personal security, community security, political security

Sustainable Development goals (SDGs)

Set of 17 goals endorsed by member nations of the UN at end of 2015 that aim, by 2030, to end poverty, protect the planet, and promote prosperity and peace

Benchmark

Standard or point of reference for comparison

Statistic

Measured characteristic of a sample population

Vital statistics

Population-level quantifications of births, deaths, and other life events

Census

Collects demographic data about every individual in a population

Ratio

Comparison of two numbers

Proportion

Ratio in which the numerator is a subset of the denominator

Percentage

Expresses a number or ratio in units of “per one hundred”

Rate

A ratio in which the numerator and denominator have different units; the denominator for a rate often expresses a measure of time

Birth rate

Number of births per 1,000 people in a population over a one-year period

Survival analysis

Statistical evaluation of the distribution of the durations of time that individuals in a population experience from an initial time point until come well-defined event

Life expectancy

Average number of additional years of life an individual of a particular age can be expected to survive based on population mortality

Life expectancy at birth

Average number of years a newborn in a population can be expected to survive based on population mortality patterns at the time of birth

Healthy life expectancy (HALE)

Average number of additional years an individual of a particular age in a population can expect to live without disability

Epidemiology

Study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in human populations

Biostatistics

Science of analyzing health data and interpreting the results so that they can be applied to solving public health problems

Mortality rate

Number of all-cause or cause-specific deaths per 1,000 people in a population during a stated period of time

Age standardization

Generation of comparable statistics for populations with different age structures

Proportionate mortality rate (PMR)

Percentage of all people who die in a population whose death is the result of a particular cause

Case fatality rate (CFR)

Proportion of people with a particular disease who die as a result of that condition

Morbidity

Presence of nonfatal illness or disease, whether mild or severe

Case definition

List of the inclusion and exclusion criteria that must be met in order to an individual to be classified having a particular disease or disability

Incidence

Number of new cases of a disease in a population during a specified time period

Incidence rate

Calculated as the number of new cases of a disease in a population during a specified time period divided by the total number of people in the population who were at risk of the disease during that period

Prevalence

Percentage of members of a population who have given trait at a particular time

Years of life lost (YLLs)

Burden of disease metric used to quantify population-level reductions in health status due to premature mortality

Years lived with disability (YLDs)

Burden of disease metric used to quantify the population-level reductions in health status attributable to nonfatal conditions

Disability-adjusted life year (DALY)

Burden of disease metric that is quantified as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) to premature death and years lived with disability (YLDs) in a population

Socioeconomic status (SES)/ Socioeconomic position (SEP)

Describes an individual’s standing in a society based on individual and household income, education, gender, occupation, ethnicity and race, and other characteristics that exist within broader cultural, social, political, and policy environments

Social determinants of health

Personal factors and community conditions that enable or hinder access to health (PROGRESS)

PROGRESS

Place of residence, race and ethnicity, occupation and employment status, gender and sex, religion, education, social capital, and other socioeconomic indicators

Social justice

Principle that moving towards greater equality in the distribution of income and wealth, opportunities for education and employment, access to health and security, and involvement in civic and political activities is valuable for human flourishing

Extreme poverty

Surviving on less income than an international poverty line, typically set at an income of less than $1 or $2 per person per day

Relative poverty

Occurs when people are living on less than the nationally defined poverty line in their own countries

Underemployment

Situation in which a person is involuntarily working part-time rather than full-time or is a low-wage worker whose earnings are below the local poverty level even after working long hours