MLT 111 Exam 1 (Ch. 1, 3, 4)

All of the following are endogenous clearance test substances EXCEPT:

Insulin Clearance

Beta2 microglobulin

Creatinine

Cystatin C

Inulin Clearance (an exogenous test)

What is the number of total of mL’s renal blood flow a minute

1,200 mL/min

What consists of urine (organic and inorganic)?

Chloride, Sodium, Creatinine, Urea & Water

What filters blood and restricts cells/larger molecules from the plasma filtrate, in the urinate system?

glomerulus

Calculate the creatinine clearance for a patient of average size from the following data:Urine volume: 720 mL for 12 hours; Urine creatinine: 120 mg/dL; Serum creatinine: 1.5 mg/dL

100 mL/min

60 mL/min

120 mL/min

80 mL/min

80 mL/min

What is the order of RENAL BLOOD flow? (six terms)

Afferent arteriole, glomerulus, Efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, vasa recta and renal vein

For active transport to occur, a substance:

Must be in higher concentration in the filtrate than in the blood

Must combine with a carrier protein to create electrochemical energy

Must be filtered through the proximal convoluted tubule

Must be in higher concentration in the blood than in the filtrate

Must combine with a carrier protein to create electrochemical energy

In the measurement of osmolality, a solute that is dissolved in solvent will:

Decrease the freezing point

Decrease the boiling point

Raise the vapor pressure

Raise the dew point

Decrease the freezing point

John White donates one of his two healthy kidneys to his twin brother. His glomerular filtration rate can be expected to:

Decrease gradually over 1 year

Decrease by 50%

Increase by 50%

Remain within a normal range

Remain within a normal range

Measurement of urine osmolality is a more accurate measure of renal concentrating ability than specific gravity because:

Osmolality is measured by instrumentation

Osmolality is influenced equally by small and large molecules

Specific gravity is not influenced by urea and glucose molecules

Specific gravity measures only urea and glucose molecules

Osmolality is influenced equally by small and large molecules

Normal functions of the kidney include all of the following EXCEPT:

Elimination of serum proteins

Regulating electrolyte balance

Elimination of nitrogenous wastes

Regulating body hydration

Elimination of serum proteins

Results for glomerular filtration tests are reported in:

Milliliters per 24 hours

Milliliters per minute

Milliequivalents per liter

Milligrams per deciliter

Milliliters per minute

Substances that can interfere with serum osmolality readings include all of the following EXCEPT:

Sodium

Lipids

Ethanol

Lactic acid

Sodium

The extent to which the kidney concentrates the glomerular filtrate can be determined by measuring:

Urine and serum osmolality

Serum osmolality

Urine creatinine

Serum creatinine

Urine and serum osmolality

What are functions of the kidneys?

1. to clear waste by blood filtration

2. maintain hydration (water & electrolytes)

3. maintain acid-base balance

How much urine does kidneys convert from plasma daily?

600-2000 mL

In what order does URINE FILTRATE flow?

1. Glomerulus(in Bowmans capsule)

2. proximal convoluted tubule

3. Loop of Henle (descending then ascending)

4. distal convoluted tubule

5. collecting duct

What and where controls water reabsorption by responding to ADH?

collecting duct

What does RAAS stand for?

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)

What hormone system regulates blood pressure?

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Which of the following are reasons to perform urinalysis testing?

A. Aid disease diagnosis

B. Monitor disease progress

C. A and B

D. A only

C. Both (Aid disease diagnosis and Monitor disease progress)

Which of the following is NOT a organic constituent of urine?

Urea, Uric Acid, Water, Potassium, Sodium, Creatinine, Chloride and Sodium

Chloride, Potassium & Sodium

What is the value of specific gravity of plasma filtrate?

1.010

The formula C= UV/ (X) 1.73/A is to calculate what?

creatinine clearance

What are the four types of infectious agents?

Bacteria, Fungi, Parasites and Viruses

What is a reservoir?

a location of potentially harmful microorganisms— like humans, animals and fomites.

What is a portal of entry?

Places microorganisms can enter a host— like open wounds, breaks in skin and mucous membranes(eyes, nose, mouth)

What procedure ensures that acceptable stands are met during the process of patient testing?

Quality Control

Chain of infection order: There are (6)

1. Infections agent

2. Reservoir

3. Portal of exit

4. Means of transmission

5. Portal of entry

6. Susceptible host

What does RACE stand for?

rescue, alarm, contain, extinguish

What does PASS stand for?

Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep

The Center of Disease Control recommends that Standard PRECAUTIONS be followed when encountering…

All body fluid specimens

The ability to obtain the published result on control sample is referred to as…

accuracy

What’s the highest acceptable range for confidence limits in the clinical laboratory?

+3 SD

The most regulated level of the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment categories is?

high-complexity

What’s the daily urine volume?

1,200 to 1,500 mL

What’s renal blood flow volume?

1,200 mL/min

The kidneys convert how much plasma to urine?

600- 2,000 mL

A first morning specimen is frequently requested to confirm:

Orthostatic proteinuria

Urination output decreases ; dehydration is..

Average of 200-500mL urine output

Oliguria

What condition related to painful urination (UTI or kidney stones)?

dysuria

A urine specimen containing a large amount of precipitated amorphous(or crystals) material may have been preserved using:

Refrigeration

What’s a good preservative of urinary cellular cultures?

boric acid, Formalin, Thymol

An alternative to the catheterized specimen is the; need to avoid risk of bacteria contamination…

Midstream clean-catch specimen (clean & pee a bit before collection)

An unpreserved urine specimen left at room temperature overnight will have decreased:

Glucose and ketones

Documentation of appropriate handling of specimens for drug analysis is provided by the:

Chain of custody form

Increased turbidity in urine stored at room temperature is usually caused by:

Bacterial Growth

Quantitation of a substance that varies with daily activities should be performed on a:

24-hour specimen

Sodium fluoride used as a preservative for urinalysis best protects:

Drugs

The first morning specimen from a patient with no history of symptoms for diabetes is positive for glucose. The patient should:

Be asked to collect the second morning specimen

The polyuria associated with diabetes mellitus is caused by increase in what:

The presence of excess glucose in the urine and increased urination

The recommended specimen for routine urinalysis or pregnancy testing is the:

First morning specimen

The specimen of choice for routine urinalysis is the first morning urine because it:

Is more concentrated to better detect abnormalities

Urea is a product of:

Protein and amino acid metabolism

What is the maximum length of time a urine specimen can remain unpreserved at room temperature before testing?

2 hours

When urine output decreases when the body is dehydrated is the condition of

oliguria

When the suspension of urination/decrease in flow of blood to the kidneys; (risks of kidney damage)

anuria

Increased urination at night is called…🌙

nocturia

A condition of excess thirst and urine production (caused by diabetes insipidus & mellitus)…

polyuria

Order urinary filtrate?

1. Glomerulus capsule

2. Proximal convoluted tubule

3. Loop of Henlee

4. Distal convoluted tubule

5. Collecting duct (to bladder)

What the number of specific gravity in urine filtrate?

1.010

A decrease in ADH causing decreased reabsorption of water and increased urine (fluid balance issue) is the condition of…

Diabetes insipidus

When there’s is increased urine volume caused by the need to excrete the excess glucose…also (frequent urination, excessive glucose)

Diabetes Mellitus

What decreases overtime in urine samples?

Glucose (ketones and bilirubin too)

What increases overtime in a urine sample?

Nitrite (pH too)

What’s your sample has the highest concentration of any analyte?

First morning

What urine sample are best used for monitoring diabetes mellitus?

Fasting sample

What procedure is important for drug of abuse urine testing?

Chain of custody