AP CSP Big Idea 5: IOC Key Terms

strong password

a password that is easy for a user to remember but would be difficult for someone else to guess based on knowledge of that user

encryption

the process of encoding data to prevent unauthorized access

decryption

the process of the process of decoding the data

algorithmic bias

bias embedded into algorithms and any level of software development

Creative Commons

a public copyright license that enables the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work

open source

programs that are made freely available and may be redistributed and modified

open access

online research output free of any and all restrictions on access and free of many restrictions on use, such as copyright or license restrictions

citizen science

scientific research conducted in whole or part by distributed individuals, many of whom may not be scientists, who contribute relevant data to research using their own computing devices

crowdsourcing

the practice of obtaining input or information from a large number of people via the Internet

personally identifiable information (PII)

information about an individual that identifies, links, relates, or describes them

digital divide

the differing access to computing devices and the Internet, based on socioeconomic, geographic, or demographic characteristics

Asymmetric Key Encryption

encryption that pairs a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption

multifactor authentication

a method of computer access control in which a user is only granted access after successfully presenting several separate pieces of evidence to an authentication mechanism, typically in at least two of the following categories: knowledge (something they know); possession (something they have), and inherence (something they are)

malware

software intended to damage a computing system or take partial control over its operation

computer virus

a malicious program that can copy itself and gain access to a computer in an unauthorized way

phishing

a technique that attempts to trick a user into providing personal information

keylogging

the use of a program to record every keystroke made by a computer user in order to gain fraudulent access to passwords and other confidential information

rogue access point

a wireless access point that gives unauthorized access to secure networks

cookie

A small amount of text that tracks information about a user visiting a website.

certificate authority

issue digital certificates that validate the ownership of encryption keys used in secure communications and are based on a trust model.

freeware

Untrustworthy (often free) downloads from freeware or shareware sites can contain malware.

Symmetric Key Encryption

involves one key for both encryption and decryption.