BIOL 115 Cellular Membranes and Chemical Bonds Review

Flashcards covering chemical bonding, electronegativity, hydrogen bonds, and biological molecules based on BIOL 115 Module 4 Pretest 1.

Electronegativity Scale Values

Relative electronegativity values for key elements: Oxygen = $3.5$, Nitrogen = $3.0$, Carbon = $2.5$, and Hydrogen = $2.1$.

Methane ($CH_4$)

A nonpolar molecule composed of a central carbon atom covalently bonded to four hydrogen atoms.

Hydrogen Bonding Examples

Interactions that occur in complementary base pairing between A and U in RNA, the formation of the quaternary structure of hemoglobin, and the formation of ice.

Oxygen-Hydrogen Bond in Methanol

The intramolecular bond within a methanol molecule where a hydrogen is attached to oxygen via the sharing of electrons between the hydrogen and oxygen.

Polar Covalent Bond in Ammonia ($NH_3$)

A chemical bond in an ammonia molecule where shared electrons spend more time near the nitrogen nucleus than near the hydrogen nuclei.

Biological Covalent Bonds

Types of covalent bonds found in biological structures, which include peptide bonds, phosphodiester bonds, and disulfide bonds.

Amino Acid

A molecular monomer containing an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable side group ($R$) attached to a central carbon atom.

Polypeptide / Protein

A macromolecule produced when several amino acid molecules are joined together by covalent bonds.