AD Exam 2 Review

How are Opisthokonts defined?

single, posterior flagellum

What groups fall into Opisthokonts?

1. Choanoflagellates

2. Fungi

3. All Animals

How are Unikonts defined?

single flagellum

What groups fall into Unikonts?

1. Opisthokonts

2. Ameobozoa

What is the Phylum for the organism that is triploblastic, but not truly bilateral?

xenacoelomorpha

Name the phyla that fall within the clade Gnathifera

1. Chaetognatha

2. Rotifera

3. Acanthocephala

Name the classes within the phylum Playthelmeithes and give characteristics of each. Which are parasitic?

1. Turbellaria - Free Living

2. Trematoda - parasitic flukes, 2 hosts

3. Monogenea - parasitics of fish, posterior hooks

4. Cestoda - tapeworms, parasitics

What is the definition of a syncytial tegument? Which classes of Platyhelminthes have this type of tegument?

• outer layer of cytoplasm

  1. Trematodas

  2. Cestoda

  3. Monogenea

What type of reproduction does the class Trematoda have in intermediate hosts? Definitive hosts?

• Intermediate Host = Asexual

• Definitive Host = Sexual

What animals are Monogenea parasites of and where do they attack?

fish, attack gills

Which phylum consists of organisms know as arrow worms? Embryogenesis in this phylum suggest what?

• Phylum Chaetognatha

• Mitochondrial DNA

List the types of eggs that phylum Rotifera produces. Explain whether each egg type will produce males or females, and how can fertilization effect the sexes of the offspring?

• 2n and n Eggs

• 2n = female (fertilized)

• n = male (unfertilized)

Name the two clades within lophotrochozoa and list the phyla that each clade contains.

1. Polyzoa

   1. Ectoprocta, Endoprocta, Cycliophora

2. Trochozoa

   1. Brachiopoda, Phoronida, Nermetea, Mollusca, Annelida

What Phylas contain a true lophophores? What is the definition of a lophophore?

• crown of tentacles covered w/ cilia by body wall

  1. Ectoprocta

  2. Brachiopoda

  3. Phoronida

In Ectoprocta, what occupies chambers that are secreted by what? What is the function of these?

• Zooids, secreted by Epidermis

• feeding, defense, and cleaning

Describe the type of shell that phylum Brachiopoda has? Where is the shell secreted from?

• 2 Calcareous shell halves

• via the mantle

Why is phylum Nemertea considered an “oddball coelomate”?

• coelomic cavity lies above gut

• has long proboscis

Name the classes within phylum Mollusca

1. Monoplacophora

2. Polyplacophora (chitins)

3. Gastropoda

4. Bivalva

5. Cephalopoda

What structures can the mantle cavity house? Where is the mantle cavity located?

• houses gills or lungs

• between mantle and body

What is the name of the rasping, tongue-like organ? What classes have this organ and what is the organ’s function?

• Radula - rasp off particles of food from surfaces

• All except Bivalvas and some Gastropoda

List the Layers of the Shell and their relative position to one another. List the components that each layer is formed by.

• Periostracum - outer layer, from conchiolin

• Middle Prismatic Layer - middle, from calcium carbonate

• Inner Nacreous Layer - next to mantle, thin layers from mantle

Describe what torsion is in Gastropoda. In what way is torsion different from coiling?

• position change, anus and mantle cavity open now above mouth and head (anus on right side now)

• coiling - winding of shell and visceral mass

• same stage, different forms

What subclass of Gastropoda have lost their gills? What has the mantle cavity become on this subclass?

• Pulmonates

• mantle cavity → now lungs

What type of feeding patterns do bivalves usually exhibit? What body structure collects food?

• mostly suspension feeding

• gland cells and ciliary tracts

What kind of fertilization do marine vs. freshwater bivalves have? How do the embryos develop in marine bivalves compared to freshwater bivalves?

• Marine → dioecious, external fertilization

  • Trochophore → Veliger → Spat Larval

• Freshwater → internal fertilization

  • Veliger attaches to gills of fish (parasites)

List and describe the different shell types that each member of class Cephalopoda has.

1. Nautiloid - gas chambers

2. Cuttlefish - enclosed mantle

3. Squid - thin strip (pen), enclosed mantle

4. Octopus - lost shell

List the number and types of appendages that each member of Cephalopoda has.

1. Nautiloid - 60 to 90 tentacles no suckers

2. Octopus - 8 arms with suckers

3. Squid/Cuttlefish - 8 arms w suckers, 2 long retractile tentacles

What kind of coelom does phylum annelida have? Are they lophotrochozoans or ectysozoans?

• true coelom

• lophotrochozoans

Name the two classes within phylum Annelida and what the names of these classes mean.

1. Errantia - to wander

2. Sedentaria - to sit

Name each part of the two-part head in Annelids. Which of these is not a true segment? What other portion of Annelids (not in the head) is not considered a true segment?

1. Prostumium - not true segment

2. Peristomium

• Pygidium

Segments are separated by _____ which allow for ______ muscle control.

septa, individual

What types of reproduction can annelids have? Describe each, and name what type of larvae is most common.

• Asexual - fission, fragment

• Sexual - Monoecious, Dioecious

• Trochophoric Larvae

Where do members of class Sedentraria often live? What order does class Sedentaria contain?

• Burrows and Tubes

• Polychaete and Oligochaete, Clitellata

Name the structures involved in excretion in Clitellates, What segments does these structures drain and what additional body part do they use to do so?

• Nephridia - draining

• w/ Nephrostome

Where are the suckers located in the Family Hirudinidae? What structures do members of this family lack compared to the typical body plan of annelids?

• Anterior and Posterior suckers

• No Septa and Parapodia

What is the cuticle composed of in Nematodes? What is this cuticle secreted by?

• collagen

• epidermis

What is unique regarding how muscles and nerves interact with one another in Nematodes?

• muscles extends to nerves instead

Name the Representatives of Phylum Nematoda.

• Ascarids - Roundworms

• Hookworms

• Trichina

• Pineworms

• Filarial Worms

Which of Nematoda representative causes Trichinosis? How does gene expression change when one is infected with this disease?

• Trichina

• alters genes of skeletal muscles → form nurse cells

What is the name of the phylum that is sister group to Nematoda? How does this phylum affect its host during infection?

• Nematomorpha

• brainwashing to go into water

List the layers of the Arthropod exoskeleton and the components that makes up each layer.

1. Epicuticle → outer, protein and lipids

2. Procuticle → inner, chitin and protein

What types of system/body structures are used in respiration in terrestrial arthropods compared to aquatic arthropods.

• Terrestrial → tracheal system of air tubes

• Aquatic → gills

What kind of circulatory system is found in arthropods? What structures are found within this circulatory system?

• open with dorsal contractile heart

• arteries and blood sinuses

Name all subphyla, classes, and order within Phylum Arthropoda

Subphyla → Classes → Orders

1. Trilobita

2. Chelicerate

   1. Merostomata

   2. Archrida

      1. Aranea

      2. Scorpionida

      3. Acari

3. Myriopoda

   1. Chilapoda

   2. Diplopoda

4. Crustacea

   1. Copepoda

   2. Thecostraca

   3. Malacustraca

      1. Isopods and Amphipods

      2. Krill

      3. Decapods

5. Hexapoda

   1. Insecta

      1. Hemiptera

      2. Coleoptera

      3. Lepidoptera

      4. Diptera

      5. Siphonaptera

      6. Hymenoptera

What are tagmata? What are the two tagmata found in order Aranea?

• fused segments (ie. head, thorax, abdomen)

• Cephalothorax, abdomen

What do the chelicerae functions as in order Aranea? How do spiders consume their prey?

• fangs with ducts for venom glands

• inject venom to liquify, suck broth

What representatives are in order Acari? Which of these are commonly a vector of multiple pathogens?

• ticks, mites

• mites → scabies, chiggers, demodex

What are the names of the classes that centipedes and millipedes fall into? What are the dietary differences between these two?

• Chilopoda - Centipedes -. eat earthworms and insects

• Diplopoda - Millipedes → herbivores

In Subphylum Crustacea, what are the functions of neurosecretory cells? Where are these cells located?

• control, molting, pigmentation, heartbeat

• in eyestalks

List the types and number of external structures that class Insecta use for vision.

• pair of compound eyes

• 3 ocelli

What are the stages between molts called in class Insecta?

instars

Name the orders within subphylum Hexapoda, and the representatives in each ord

• Hemiptera - true bugs (bed bugs, stink bugs)

• Coleoptera - beetles, fireflies, weevils

• Lepidoptera - butterflies, moths

• Diptera - true flies

• Siphonaptera - fleas

• Hymenoptera - ants, bees, wasps