Anatomy and Physiology I - Lab LESSON ONE

Anatomical Orientation Equivalent: Superior

Cephalad (HEAD)

Anatomical Orientation Equivalent: Posterior

Dorsal

Anatomical Orientation Equivalent: Anterior

Ventral

Anatomical Orientation Equivalent: Inferior

Caudal (towards the tail/bottom end)

Frontal Plane

Divides the body into a front and back

Median (Midsagittal) Plane

Divides the body in the middle, with a left and right side

Transverse Plane

Divides the body into a top and bottom half

What does the dorsal body cavity contain?

Cranial cavity + vertebral cavity

What does the cranial cavity contain?

Brain

What does the vertebral cavity contain?

Spinal cord

What does the ventral body cavity contain?

Thoracic + abdominopelvic cavities

What does the thoracic cavity contain?

Heart (pericardial) + lungs (pleural)

What does the abdominal cavity contain?

Digestive viscera

What does the pelvic cavity contain?

Urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum

What is a synovial cavity? Where is it located?

Cavity located in a joint between neck vertebrae

• Found in ALL synovial joints, not just joins between vertebrae

What is the ventral body cavity lined with?

Epithelial cells

What are the layers of the serosa/serous membrane?

1. Parietal serosa - lines the cavity WALL

2. Visceral serosa - covers the surface of the organs within the cavity

Why are serous membrane important?

Membrane compartmentalizes various organs to prevent the spread of infection from one organ to another

What are the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants?

1. Right upper quadrant

2. Right lower quadrant

3. Left upper quadrant

4. Left lower quadrant

Right hypochondriac region

Liver, gallbladder, diaphragm

Right lumber

Ascending colon, small intestine

Right iliac

Cecum, appendix

Epigastric

Liver, stomach diaphragm

Umbilical

Small intestine, transverse colon

Hypogastric

Small intestine, sigmoid colon, rectum, urinary bladder

Left hypochondriac

Diaphragm, spleen, stomach

Left lumber

Small intestine, descending colon

Left iliac

Initial segment of sigmoid colon

Microscope component: Arm

Connects the base and head of the microscope

Microscope component: mechanical stage

Consists of spring clips or clamps to hold a slide in position

Microscope component: mechanical stage CONTROL

Moves the mechanical stage and slide held by the mechanical stage

Microscope component: stage

Platform that a slide rests on

Microscope component: coarse adjustment knob

Used for initial focusing of slide image

Microscope component: fine adjustment knob

Used for precise focusing of slide image after coarse focusing has been completed

Microscope component: base

Supports the microscope

Microscope component: light control

Turns on/off power to the light source

Microscope component: ocular lenses

Eye pieces used to view the magnified image from the slide

Microscope component: rotating nosepiece

Contains objective lenses, allowing for changing of lenses for variable magnification of slide image

Microscope component: objective lenses

Used to magnify the slide sample image

Microscope component: condenser

Small substage lens that concentrates the light on the specimen

Microscope component: substage light

Light source for microscope

• If a mirror is used instead of a light, it reflects light from an external source

What does the plasma membrane consist of? What regions are polar and nonpolar?

Phospholipid bilayer:

1. Polar/hydrophilic HEADS

2. Non-polar/hydrophobic TAILS

What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?

Explains that there are proteins and cholesterol that ‘float’ in the phospholipid bilayer that are good for structural integrity

• When hot, membrane becomes more fluid; when cold, membrane stiffens

Integral membrane proteins

Proteins that stick through the entire membrane

Peripheral membrane proteins

Proteins that only stick out on one side of the membrane

Nucleus

Contains DNA in a thread-like form (chromatin)

• During cell division, chromatin condenses and coils into a tightly packed form called chromosomes that are bound by a porous double-layered nuclear envelope

Nucleolus

Assembly site for ribosomes (PIT OF NUCLEUS)

Plasma membrane

Separates external environment from internal cell

• Is selectively permeable**

Cytoplasm/Cytosol

Fluid INSIDE of the cell that suspends the organelles

Ribosomes

Composed of RNA and proteins - are sites of protein synthesis

Endoplasmic Reticulum

System of membranous tubules + cisternae for the synthesis and transport of proteins

• Rough ER - has ribosomes

• Smoother ER - no ribosomes

Golgi Apparatus

Flattened sacs that package material

• Can become part of plasma membrane, a lysosome, or be secreted from cell depending on the packaged material

Lysosomes

Membrane-bound sacs containing digestive enzymes that digest worn-out cell structures and foreign substances

Peroxisomes

Sacs that contain oxidases that use oxygen to detoxify harmful substances

Mitochondria

Rod-shaped organelles that produce energy in the form of ATP

Centrioles

Rod-shaped bodies used in cell division

Cytoskeletal Elements

Parts that form the internal scaffolding that supports and moves the substances within the plasma membrane

• AKA the “INTERSTATE”

What are the 3 parts of the cytoskeletal system?

1. Microtubules

2. Intermediate filaments

3. Microfilaments

Cytoskeletal elements: microtubules

Maintain cell shape, suspend organelles, transport substances, involved in cell division

Cytoskeletal elements: intermediate filaments

Provide support to the cell

Cytoskeletal elements: microfilaments

Support the plasma membrane and cell mobility

What are the 2 components of a cell’s life cycle?

1. Interphase

2. Cell division

Interphase

Cell grows as usual and prepares itself for cell division by duplicating its DNA

• NOT A PART OF CELL DIVISION ONLY PREPARATION

Cell Division

Cell duplicates itself to yield 2 genetically identical daughter cells

• Involves mitosis + cytokinesis

Mitosis

Nuclear division of a cell (nucleus divides)

Cytokinesis

Cell undergoes cytoplasmic division (divides the cell’s internal contents into 2 halves) to form 2 identical daughter cells W

What does cytokinesis start through?

Formation of a cleavage furrow by actin microfilaments during late anaphase throughout telophase

Early Prophase

DNA chromatin shortens into chromosomes with a centromere in the middle

• Nucleolus disappears

  • Centrioles split into centrosomes; each one moves towards opposite ends of the cell

Late Prophase

Nuclear envelope disappears

• Mitotic spindles/microtubules form from the centrosomes and attach to centromere of chromosomes

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up at center of the cell + attach onto the mitotic spindles of centrioles at opposite sides of cell

Anaphase

Centromeres split + chromosomes migrate to opposite ends towards centrioles

Telophase

DNA uncoils back into chromatin form

• Nuclear envelope reappears around chromatin mass

• Nucleolus reappears within nucleus

• Spindles break down and disappear