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Zenger Case
Did not guarantee the freedom of the press, but did encourage newspapers to criticize the government
John Peter Zenger was tried on a charge of libelously criticizing New York's royal governor; found not guilty
Impressment
The practice of seizing colonists and forcing them to serve in the British Royal Navy
George Whitefield
Preached that only those who openly professed faith in Jesus would be saved (Great Awakening)
Jonathan Edwards
"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"
Preached that God was angry with sin, and that those who did not repent would not be saved (Great Awakening)
Great Awakening
A massive religious revival that generated an intense Christian devotion
Social Contract
Placed the power in the hands of the people; if the government was not ruling properly, it was the people's responsibility to overthrow it
John Locke
Natural rights - humans had certain rights (life, liberty, property) that could not be taken away
Enlightenment
Emphasized rational thinking over tradition and religion
Headright System
Offered 50 acres of land to any immigrant who paid for his own passage and to any plantation owner who paid for an immigrant's passage
Stono Rebellion (1739)
A small group of slaves stole weapons, killed white people, and burned plantations
New England Confederation
A military alliance between four New England colonies, established an important precedent for colonies taking a unified action for a common purpose
Metacom’s War/King Phillip’s War
Wampanog tribe attacked British settlers in response to the British taking their land; the British called on the Mohawk tribe for help and won
Dominion of New England
Combined the New York, New Jersey, and various New England colonies; Sir Edmund Andros was the governor
Salutary Neglect
Britain was not strict in enforcing their regulations and polices
Navigation Acts
Required merchants to engage in trade with English colonies exclusively in English ships; valuable trade items were required to pass exclusively through British ports (where they were taxed)
Mercantilism
Assumed that there was a fixed amount of wealth (measured in gold and silver) in the world, aimed to maintain a favorable balance of trade (exports > imports)
Slave Trade Act
Limited the number of enslaved people that could be brought on a ship during the Middle Passage
Roger Williams/Anne Hutchinson
Founded Rhode Island (religious tolerance + good relations with Natives)/believed in antinomianism (good works were not required for salvation)
Cecil Calvert (Act of Toleration)
Second Lord Baltimore, aimed to make Maryland a safe haven for Catholics
(Was the first colonial statue granting religious freedom for all Christians)
Proprietary Colonies
Were under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king
Royal Colonies
Were under the direct authority and rule of the king's government
Corporate Colonies
Were operated by joint-stock companies
Mayflower Compact
Organized the New England pilgrims' government on the model of a self-governing church congregation
House of Burgesses
Virginian representative assembly which could levy taxes and pass laws
Bacon’s Rebellion
Nathaniel Bacon led farmers in an uprising against the royal governor William Berkeley's inaction against conflict with Native Americans
increased fear about indentured servants uprising, led land-owners to search for a new source of labor: African Americans
Indentured Servants
Signed a contract in which they were in bondage for seven years in exchange for passage to the colonies
Jamestown
The first British North American colony, financed by a joint stock company
Saved from famine by the cultivation of tobacco in 1612
Enclosure Movement
Occurred in Britain, took land from everyone held in common and sold it to private parties
Henry Hudson
Dutch explorer who sought a water-based route to Asia; he instead claimed land in the Americas that would later be known as New Amsterdam
Samuel de Champlain
Established the first permanent French settlement (Quebec)
