APUSH AP EXAM: Unit Two

Zenger Case

Did not guarantee the freedom of the press, but did encourage newspapers to criticize the government

• John Peter Zenger was tried on a charge of libelously criticizing New York's royal governor; found not guilty

Impressment

The practice of seizing colonists and forcing them to serve in the British Royal Navy

George Whitefield

Preached that only those who openly professed faith in Jesus would be saved (Great Awakening)

Jonathan Edwards

"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

Preached that God was angry with sin, and that those who did not repent would not be saved (Great Awakening)

Great Awakening

A massive religious revival that generated an intense Christian devotion

Social Contract

Placed the power in the hands of the people; if the government was not ruling properly, it was the people's responsibility to overthrow it

John Locke

Natural rights - humans had certain rights (life, liberty, property) that could not be taken away

Enlightenment

Emphasized rational thinking over tradition and religion

Headright System

Offered 50 acres of land to any immigrant who paid for his own passage and to any plantation owner who paid for an immigrant's passage

Stono Rebellion (1739)

A small group of slaves stole weapons, killed white people, and burned plantations

New England Confederation

A military alliance between four New England colonies, established an important precedent for colonies taking a unified action for a common purpose

Metacom’s War/King Phillip’s War

Wampanog tribe attacked British settlers in response to the British taking their land; the British called on the Mohawk tribe for help and won

Dominion of New England

Combined the New York, New Jersey, and various New England colonies; Sir Edmund Andros was the governor

Salutary Neglect

Britain was not strict in enforcing their regulations and polices

Navigation Acts

Required merchants to engage in trade with English colonies exclusively in English ships; valuable trade items were required to pass exclusively through British ports (where they were taxed)

Mercantilism

Assumed that there was a fixed amount of wealth (measured in gold and silver) in the world, aimed to maintain a favorable balance of trade (exports > imports)

Slave Trade Act

Limited the number of enslaved people that could be brought on a ship during the Middle Passage

Roger Williams/Anne Hutchinson

Founded Rhode Island (religious tolerance + good relations with Natives)/believed in antinomianism (good works were not required for salvation)

Cecil Calvert (Act of Toleration)

Second Lord Baltimore, aimed to make Maryland a safe haven for Catholics

(Was the first colonial statue granting religious freedom for all Christians)

Proprietary Colonies

Were under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king

Royal Colonies

Were under the direct authority and rule of the king's government

Corporate Colonies

Were operated by joint-stock companies

Mayflower Compact

Organized the New England pilgrims' government on the model of a self-governing church congregation

House of Burgesses

Virginian representative assembly which could levy taxes and pass laws

Bacon’s Rebellion

Nathaniel Bacon led farmers in an uprising against the royal governor William Berkeley's inaction against conflict with Native Americans

• increased fear about indentured servants uprising, led land-owners to search for a new source of labor: African Americans

Indentured Servants

Signed a contract in which they were in bondage for seven years in exchange for passage to the colonies

Jamestown

• The first British North American colony, financed by a joint stock company

• Saved from famine by the cultivation of tobacco in 1612

Enclosure Movement

Occurred in Britain, took land from everyone held in common and sold it to private parties

Henry Hudson

Dutch explorer who sought a water-based route to Asia; he instead claimed land in the Americas that would later be known as New Amsterdam

Samuel de Champlain

Established the first permanent French settlement (Quebec)