The Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation

Peace of Augsburg

Ended Christian unity, allowed German states' religious choice.

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss priest who initiated Protestantism in Zurich.

John Calvin

Reformer who fled France, published influential religious texts.

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Calvin's book that spread Protestant Reformation ideas.

Justification by Faith

Luther and Calvin's belief in faith's sufficiency for salvation.

Predestination

Calvin's doctrine that God determines salvation beforehand.

Calvinism

Dynamic faith emphasizing God's power and predestination.

Theocracy in Geneva

Calvin's establishment of a religious government in Geneva.

John Knox

Scottish reformer who praised Geneva's religious model.

Henry VIII

King who initiated the English Reformation and divorced.

Act of Supremacy

Declared the monarch as the head of the Church.

Thomas More

Christian humanist who opposed Henry VIII's actions.

Mary I

Queen who attempted to restore Catholicism in England.

Bloody Mary

Nickname for Mary I due to her persecution of Protestants.

Anabaptists

Radicals advocating adult baptism and separation from state.

Adult Baptism

Anabaptist belief distinguishing them from other Christians.

Munster

City where Anabaptists established a radical community.

Protestant Education

Focused on wider audience compared to humanist schools.

Martin Luther

Advocated for state-provided education for all children.

Role of Women

Calvin and Luther viewed women's roles as divine.

Anti-Semitism

Prejudice against Jews remained unchanged during Reformation.

Catholic Reformation

Counter-Reformation efforts to address church corruption.

Council of Trent

Reaffirmed Catholic doctrines in response to Protestantism.

Ignatius of Loyola

Founded the Jesuits, promoting Catholic education and missions.