CAIE IGCSE Chemistry - Summarized Notes on Theory Syllabus

Flashcards for IGCSE Chemistry focusing on experimental techniques, chemical analysis, identification of ions and gases, and flame tests.

Cation: Al³⁺

• Aqueous NaOH: White precipitate, soluble in excess (colorless solution)

• Aqueous NH₃: White precipitate, insoluble in excess

Solution

A mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent.

Solute

A substance that dissolves in a solvent.

Solvent

A substance that dissolves a solute.

Saturated Solution

A solution containing the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a solvent at a given temperature and pressure.

Acid-Base Titration

A method of quantitative chemical analysis where an acid is added slowly to a base until it has been neutralized.

Filtration

Used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid; the mixture goes through a funnel with filter paper, and the insoluble residue remains in the funnel.

Filtrate

The liquid that flows through the filter during filtration and gets collected.

Crystallization

Used to separate a dissolved solid from a solution by heating the solution to increase concentration, then allowing crystals to form.

Simple Distillation

Used to separate a solvent from a solution by heating the impure liquid and condensing the steam back into a pure liquid.

Fractional Distillation

Used to separate miscible liquids by heating the mixture and collecting different fractions based on their different boiling points.

Chromatography

Used to separate substances in a solvent with different solubilities; substances travel at different rates based on their solubility.

Stationary Phase

The material on which separation takes place in chromatography.

Mobile Phase

The mixture you want to separate, dissolved in a solvent, in chromatography.

Chromatograms

Visual outputs on the chromatography paper, showing separated substances.

Retention Value (Rf Value)

Used to identify a substance in chromatography, calculated by the formula: Distance moved by substance / Distance moved by solvent.

Locating Agents

Substances used to make colorless chromatograms visible by spraying or heating them onto the paper.

Pure substances

Have a definite, sharp melting point/boiling point.

Impure substances

Have a lower melting point and a higher boiling point.

Ammonia (Gas Test)

Turns damp red litmus paper blue

Carbon Dioxide (Gas Test)

Turns limewater milky

Chlorine (Gas Test)

Bleaches red/blue litmus paper

Hydrogen (Gas Test)

Place lighted splint, squeaky pop

Oxygen (Gas Test)

Place glowing splint, splint relights

Sulfur Dioxide (Gas Test)

Turns Acidified Aqueous Potassium Manganate (VII) from purple to colorless