Foundations of Medical Sciences

What is a brush biopsy?

Using a brush to cause minor abrasion to lesion

Incisional biopsy

Using a scalpel to take part of a lesion

Excisional biopsy

Using a scalpel to remove the whole lesion with some healthy tissue

What is fixation in sample preparation

10% formalin for light microscopy and glutaraldehyde for electron microscopy. Preserve tissue.

What is clearing in sample preparation

Xylene removes alcohol to allow paraffin infiltration

Infiltration in sample preparation

Tissue is laced in melted paraffin, replace xylene, support tissue

What happens before sample is studied

Deparaffinization using xylene, rehydration, then histochemical staining.

what is the charge and acid/base of an Eosinophil stain?

Positively charged/acidic

What is the charge and acid/base of a Hematoxylin stain?

Positively charged/basic

What parts of a cell does Eosin primarily stain

Cytoplasm/proteins/collagen/mitochondria

What parts of the cell does Hematoxylin primarily stain?

Basophils/nucleus/DNA

How and what color does Giemsa stain?

Stains blood and bone marrow, Erythrocytes pink/cytoplasm pale blue/nuclei dark blue.

What does Periodic Acid-Schiff stain?

Stains complex carbs dark red/useful for hepatocytes and muscle cells.

What is differentiation?

Early unspecialized cells build special function.

What is a totipotent/omnipotent cell?

Cells that differentiate into embryonic and extra embryonic cells.

What is a pluripotent cell?

Totipotent cells that differentiate into all embryonic cell types, give rise to three germ layers.

What is a multipotent cell?

Stem cells that differentiate into closely related cell types (hemopoietic cells in bone marrow)

What does cholesterol do in a cell membrane?

Increases durability and membrane structure.

What do cell surface receptors do on the cell membrane?

Recieve signals from outside the cell.

What is the purpose of adhesion proteins in cell membranes?

Connect adjacent cells together.

What is the purpose of glycoproteins and glycolipids?

Aid in cell recognition and drug targets.

What is the purpose of transport proteins in cell membranes?

Move molecules across the cell membrane.

What are the two types of channels in transport proteins?

Aquaporins (water movement) and ion channels (ion movement)

What do carrier proteins do in the cell membrane?

Move molecules, and include active (use energy) and passive (depend on concentration)

What pump uses atp and maintains membrane potential?

Na+/K+ ATPase

Which transport channels move one molecule?

Uniport (one molecule in one direction) and antiport (one molecule in opposite) and Symport (move molecules in same direction)

Function of the Cytoskeleton:

Structural support

Function of the Golgi Apparatus:

Package proteins, lipids, and hormones into vesicles.

Function of lysosomes:

Substrate breakdown, maintain cell health and apoptosis using hydrolysis (digestive enzymes)

Function of peroxisomes:

Oxidizing and detoxification using oxidase and catalase.

Smooth ER function:

Lipid and steroid hormone synthesis, detox of drugs and toxins.

Cytosol:

Intracellular fluid

Rough ER:

Package & fold proteins made by ribosomes.

Ribosomes:

Neuroproteins, rely on triplet code for translation.

Nucleus:

Largest organelle, includes nuclear envelope, nucleolus, nucleoplasm, and chromatin.

Nucleolus:

Synthesis of rRNA and ribosome assembly, contain proteins that help cell cycle regulation.

Nucleus

Store and replicate genetic material, mRNA synthesis. Regulate gene expression and cell activity.

What can regulating microtubules be used for?

Cancer treatment

What are microtubules?

Maintain cell structure, form mitosis spindle in replication (cytoskeleton)

What are intermediate filaments?

Provide mechanical support for the cell (cytoskeleton)

Microfilaments

Short and flexible actin, mechanical support and help in muscle contraction (cytoskeleton)

Tight junctions

Seals apical parts of cells together, prevents movement of any molecules through.

Anchoring junctions

Along lateral border of epithelial cells, stability, form mitosis spindle example desmosomes.

Gap junctions

Intercellular channels that allow flow of material, example allow coordinated heart contraction.

What is cellular respiration?

Absorption of oxygen by cell

What is cellular excretion?

Cells release waste product.

Three types of cellular communication

Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine

What are the cellular functions?

Respiration, excretion, communication, reproduction, movement, conductivity, metabolite absorption, secretion.

What cells are reponsible for the organs specialized function

Organ parenchyma

What cells are responsible for supporting organs?

Organ stroma