RAD 200 Digestive system & respiratory study guide

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system? Where are they located? What are their functions?

Salivary glands = mouth →Produce saliva

Liver=Upper right abdomen, below the diaphragm→Produces bile, which helps digest and absorb fats

GB=under liver→Stores and concentrates bile and releases it into the small intestine

Pancreas= Behind the stomach→ release of pancreatic juice into duodenum to digest protein, carbs and fats

What problem may result from untreated gingivitis?

Periodontitis (destruction of gums & bone disease)

Why do cold sores tend to recur, and what factors can activate the Virus?

They can reoccur b/c the virus lyes dormant.

What can activate it is sunshine, wind or presence of another infection

What is thrush?

Candidasis(fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of Candida yeast) of the oral mucosa & involves the mouth, palate & gums

Discuss the symptoms Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD).

Heartburn

Acid regurgitation

Coughing, wheezing, throat irritation

Difficulty swallowing (dysphasia)

Esophagitis

Discuss the treatment for GERD

• Avoid foods that trigger reflux (spicy, fatty, acidic foods, caffeine, and chocolate).

• Eat smaller meals.

• Avoid lying down for 2–3 hours after eating.

• Maintain a healthy weight.

• Elevate the head of the bed while sleeping.

• Avoid smoking and alcohol.

Medication that can be used for GERD

• Antacids

• H2-receptor blockers

• Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), such as Omeprazole

• Fundoplication (surgery) may be performed to strengthen the barrier between the stomach and esophagus

Highly effective medications that treat acid-related gastrointestinal conditions by profoundly decreasing stomach acid production

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)

Medications that reduce the production of stomach acid by blocking histamine receptors in the stomach lining

H2-receptor blockers

What percentage of GERD patients develop Barrett’s esophagus?

5-15%

In which population are gastric ulcers most prevalent?

Middle aged males

How does Helicobacter pylori relate to peptic ulcers and gastritis?

Helicobacter pylori Infection is a crucial factor in causing peptic ulcers

Is pain usually the initial symptom of gastric cancer?

Yes

What would be the primary treatment of gastric Cancer ?

Gastric resection (removal of part or all of stomach) combined w/ chemoradiotherapy

What may happen if an inflamed appendix is left untreated?

Necrosis & rupture of appendix which leads to peritonitis

what are two factors that increase perforation of the appendix?

Delayed medical care, being very young or old, hidden location of appendix

What is the diagnostic significance of McBurney’s point?

It indicates maximal tenderness of the abdomen which indicates appendicitis

In which sites are abdominal hernias most likely to occur?

Inguinal canal

What is the difference between ulcerative colitis and Chrohn disease?

Both are chronic inflammatory disease however crohns can affect from the mouth to the anus & can affect all layers of the bowel wall

Ulcerative colitis affects the rectum & colon and affect the mucosa and submucosa layer

What is the difference between a functional and a mechanical intestinal obstruction?

Functional→not physically blocked, but it fails to move contents normally because intestinal motility is impaired.

Mechanical→physically blocked by an object or narrowing that prevents the passage of contents.

Why is gastroenteritis often called the “traveler’s disease”?

Traveling exposes you to unfamiliar bacteria, viruses, or parasites.Because your immune system has never encountered these foreign germs, it struggles to fight them off

What is the difference between diverticulosis and diverticulitis?

Diverticulosis→small, bulging pouches in the lining of the colon. (silent, harmless)

Diverticulitis→pouches become inflamed or infected

What causes pseudomembranous enterocolitis?

Overgrowth of the toxin-producing bacterium Clostridioides difficile (C. diff) following a disruption in the normal, healthy bacteria of the gut

What are signs and symptoms of cirrhosis of the liver?

Loss appetite/weight

Nausea/vomiting

Indigestion/abdominal distention

Edema

Jaundiced appearance

Red spidery marks

Memory impaired, confusion & drowsiness

Why is hepatitis A known as epidemic or infectious hepatitis?

it is a highly contagious disease that spreads rapidly through human population transmitted via the fecal-oral route frequently occurs at school, camps or institutions

Why are healthcare workers more at risk of contracting hepatitis B?

B/c of needle sticks and being around blood and potentially infectious body fluids

What is the world-wide incidence of liver cancer?

866,000 to 1 million new cases each yr

What type of person would be most likely to develop gallstones?

Females

Overweight

Older people

What are the causes of pancreatitis?

Enzymes that are released prior to leaving the pancreas, alcoholism, biliary tract disease, trauma, infection, structural anomalies greatly elevated calcium leves in the blood hemorrhage hyperlipidemia or drugs

What are two diagnostic criteria for celiac disease?

Malabsorption, gluten intolerance & damage to lining of intestines

inflammation and swelling of the gums

Gingivitis

What normally causes Gingivitis

Plaque

also called periodontal disease, is a destructive gum and bone disease around one or more teeth

Periodontist

Develop anywhere in or on the surface of the mouth, gums, cheeks, or palate but not on teeth. They begin as single, small, pale lumps, in or on the mouth, which may or may not bleed easily and may or may not cause pain can be either benign or malignant

Oral tumors

is a contagious, recurrent viral infection that affects the skin and mucous membranes. Commonly produces cold sores and fever blisters

Herpes Simplex (cold sores)

fungal infection of a relatively short duration that produces sore, slightly raised, pale-yellow patches in the mouth and sometimes the throat (involves the mouth, tongue, palate, and gums)

Thrush

appears as a white, patchy lesion or an oral ulcer that fails to heal includes squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or adenocarcinoma of the lips, cheek mucosa, anterior tongue, floor of the mouth, hard palate, and upper and lower gingivae

Oral cancer

clinical manifestations of regurgitation of the stomach and duodenal contents into the esophagus, frequently occurring at night

GERD

May be performed to strengthen the barrier between the stomach and esophagus which helps treat GERD

Fundoplication (surgery)

Inflammation and tissue injury of the esophagus. The main symptom that the patient experiences is burning chest pain (heartburn)

Esophagitis

What causes Gastritis (inflammation of the lining of the stomach)?

H.pylori

cancer that is located in the stomach

Gastric cancer

Country w/ the highest incidence of Gastric Cancer

Japan

inflammation of the appendix

Acute appendicitis

condition in which an organ protrudes through an abnormal opening in the abdominal wall

Abdominal Hernia

What device can be used for PT w/ hernias?

Truss

refers to open sores that develop on the inner protective lining of the upper digestive tract

Gastric and Duodenal Peptic Ulcers

most common type of peptic ulcer?

Duodenal ulcer

chronic inflammatory disorder of the GI tract also called regional enteritis where all layers of the bowel wall are edematous and inflamed can affect from the mouth to the anus

Crohn’s disease

chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affecting the mucosa and submucosa of the rectum and colon

Ulcerative Colitis

What cancer can form as a result from Ulcerative Colitis?

Colon Cancer

general term for acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines known as traveler’s diarrhea

Gastroenteritis

Intestinal obstruction can be either… or …

Mechanical or Functional

a twisting of the bowel on itself

Volvulus

the bowel telescopes into itself

Intussusception

Progressive condition, common with age, characterized by defects in the muscular wall of the large bowel. Small, bulging pouches in the lining of the colon. (silent, harmless)

Diverticulosis

is an infection of one or more diverticula

Diverticulitis

cancer that arises in any part of the colon or the rectum. third most common cause of cancer death.

Colorectal cancer

varicose dilations of a vein in the anal canal or the anorectal area

Hemorrhoids

chronic degenerative disease that is irreversible. It brings slow deterioration of the liver, resulting in the replacement of normal liver cells with hard, Fibrous scar tissue, known as hobnail liver

Cirrhosis of liver

systemic infection causing symptoms ranging from mild inflammation of the liver to severe involvement with the destruction of hepatic cells

Viral Hepatitis

Incubation period for hepatitis

5-15 days

common condition in which there is an abnormal presence of calculi or gallstones that form in the bile

Cholelithiasis (Gallstones)

a disorder of nutrition caused by primary deprivation of protein-energy

Malnutrition

an eating disorder, is linked to a psychological disturbance in which hunger is denied by self imposed starvation, resulting from a distorted body image and a compulsion to be thin

Anorexia nervosa

Inflammation of the larynx (hoarseness), including the vocal cords. Can be viral or bacterial infection. common cold, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, and sinusitis, are the most common causes of the inflammation

Laryngitis

Airless or collapsed state of the pulmonary tissue. Occurs when the lungs cannot inflate properly

Atelectasis

occurs when a blood clot or other material (e.g., foreign body or tumor) lodges in and occludes an artery in the pulmonary circulation

Pulmonary embolism

infective inflammation of the lungs. an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, which can fill with fluid or pus

Pneumonia

pneumonia results from the aspiration of liquids or other materials into the tracheobronchial tree. It tends to occur in patients who have serious problems with swallowing;

Aspiration Pneumonia

a generalized, highly contagious, acute viral disease that occurs in annual outbreaks characterized by inflammation of the upper and lower respiratory tract mucous membranes, a severe protracted cough, fever, headache, sore throat, and generalized malaise

Influenza

What viruses cause influenza

orthomyxovirus types A, B, and C

a condition of slow and irreversible progressive air way obstruction. Unable to ventilate the lungs freely, which results in an ineffective exchange of respiratory gases normal respiratory response to elevated carbon dioxide levels to become diminished.

COPD

chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder characterized by destructive changes in the alveolar walls and irreversible enlargement of alveolar air spaces. reduces the surface area for oxygen absorption and causes the lungs to lose their natural elasticity, trapping stale air inside

Pulmonary emphysema

inflammation of the membranes surrounding the lungs and lining the pleural cavity. Classified as either Wet or Dry. Causes sharp needlelike pain.

Pleurisy (Pleuritis)

collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity that results in a collapsed or partially collapsed lung

Pneumothorax

accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural cavity

Hemothorax

condition of instability in the chest wall caused by multiple rib fractures; the sternum also may be fractured

Flail Chest

an infectious and inflammatory disease of the lungs, is acquired by inhaling dried droplet nuclei that contain the tubercle bacillus.

TB

What bacteria can cause TB

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide among both males and females. usually caused by repeated carcinogenic irritation to the bronchial epithelium, leading to increased rates of cell division

Lung cancer

is acute inflammation with a plaque-like necrotic debris and mucus adhered to the damaged superficial mucosa of the small and large intestines

Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis

The small bowel fails to absorb nutrients b/c of an inadequate absorptive surface

Short bowel syndrome

The part of the lung below phrenic that meets the rib?

Costophrenic angle

What can be some occupational diseases?

asbestosis, arthrosis & silicosis

What’s best for management of peptic ulcers?

Rest

Considered a widespread epidemic, is the most common bloodborne infection in the United States. Many of those infected by HCV, often young adults, are asymptomatic and may unknowingly infect others. When present, symptoms resemble those of hepatitis A but are typically less severe and sometimes without jaundice

Hepatitis C

HCV can lead to what?

Liver cancer, Cirrhosis of the liver or liver failure

What are the symptoms felt with cholelithiasis (gallstones)

Colicky pain & biliary colic