APUSH review (Knowt Edition)

maize cultivation

maize cultivation

A staple of many Native American diets, leading many nomadic tribes to settle and develop great civilizations such as the Aztecs, Incas, and Mayans.

Plains Indians

the Native Americans who lived in the flat parts of the western United States and followed the bison

Bartolome de Las Casas

Spaniard who fought for Native American rights.

New France

This early settlement, with a capital in Quebec, focused on fur trade and had friendly relations with the natives

Encomienda System

A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians to work in exchange for protection

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Transatlantic Slave Trade

The brutal system of trading African Slaves from Africa to the Americas. These slaves were used for cash crops and created a whole new economy.

Smallpox

This was the leading cause of death and destruction of Native populations after Europeans began moving to the New World

Jamestown (1607)

First permanent English settlement in the New World located in Virginia on the Chesapeake Bay/James River; settled by the Virginia Company of London (joint stock); Leaders: John Smith & John Rolfe; tobacco was main staple in the colony

Headright System

The Virginia Company's system in which settlers and the family members who came with them each received 50 acres of land

Zenger Trial

1735 New York trial that promoted the idea of freedom of the press.

Tobacco

Cash crop that was most profitable in the Southern/Chesapeake colonies

Town Hall Meetings

Meeting in colonial New England where settlers discussed and voted on issues

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preached a doctrine of pacifism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

Bacon's Rebellion

Western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Natives after they attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city.

Spanish Settlements

Settled for money, power, and to spread their religion by converting Natives to Christianity. Intermarried with the Natives.

Southern Colonies

This colonial region made money by having slaves grow cash crops on plantations due to rich soil and warm climate.. Included Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

Middle Colonies

This colonial region included people from many different European countries. Most became farmers. Known as the "bread-basket". Religious freedom was common. Included New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.

New England Colonies

This colonial region had an economic focus on fishing, whaling, timber, and trade. Winters were cold and the land was less fertile. Included Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, &New Hampshire

Mercantlism

an economic policy which held that a nation's wealth was measured by its supply of gold and silver; Britain heavily regulated colonial commerce under this policy

Navigation Acts

Acts passed in 1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; caused great resentment in American colonies.

Indentured Servants

Colonists who received passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years; helped poor people to come to America

Fur Trade

The trading of animal pelts (especially beaver skins) by Indians for European goods in North America. Practiced primarily by the French and Dutch

Maryland Act of Toleration

Guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians in Maryland

Granted after Protestant became governor

Important precedent for later characterization of the United States and its Constitution

First Great Awakening

A revival of religious feeling and belief in the American colonies that began in the 1730s. Leaders included Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield.

French and Indian War

War fought from 1754 to 1763 in which Britain and its colonies defeated France and its Indian allies; led to implementation of new taxes in the colonies to pay off war debt.

Proclamation of 1763

Law forbidding English colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains in order to avoid conflict with Natives

Natives in the Revolution

Natives fought on both sides of the Revolution

Virtual Representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

Stamp Act

1765 law that taxed printed goods, including playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc without consent of the colonists

Constitution

a body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed.

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Three-Fifths Compromise

the agreement by which the number of each state's representatives in Congress would be based on a count of all the free people plus three-fifths of the slaves

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Political declarations in favor of states' rights, written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, in opposition the the Alien and Sedition acts. Maintained that states could nullify federal legislation they regarded as unconstitutional

Declaration of Independence

1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.

Republican Motherhood/Cult of Domesticity

Idealization of women in their roles as wives and mothers. suggested that women would be responsible for raising their children to be virtuous citizens of the new american republic.

Northwest Ordinance

Law passed by Congress that specified how western territories would be governed and become states

Federalist Papers

Series of essays written by Hamilton, Jay, & Madison to support ratification of the U.S. Constitution

XYZ Affair

A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats

Alien and Sedition Acts

Series of four laws enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants

Common Sense

Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that criticized monarchies and convinced many American colonists of the need to break away from Britain

Continental Congress

The legislative assembly composed of delegates from the rebel colonies who met during and after the American Revolution

George Washington

This president warned against permanent alliances with other nations and the formation of political parties in his Farewell Address.

Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty

Organizations that led protests, helped American soldiers, instated a boycott, and generally resisted the British.

Boston Tea Party

Protest against increased tea prices (to save the British East India Company) in which colonists dumped British tea into Boston harbor

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military and financial support.

Shay's Rebellion

A 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes; exposed weakness of Articles of Confederation

Cotton Gin

Machine invented by Eli Whitney to mechanize the production of cotton fiber. Led to increase of Atlantic Slave Trade

Market Revolution

Drastic changes in transportation (canals, RRs), communication (telegraph), and the production of goods (more in factories as opposed to houses)

Cotton Kingdom

Nickname for the South that reflected that its economy was based on slaves and cotton during the early to mid 19th Century

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review- SC can declare laws unconstitutional

Result of Manufacturing/Industrialization

North started to have a more powerful economy that was starting to challenge the economies of some mid-sized European cities at the time; rise of the middle class

Lowell System

Dormitories for young women where they were cared for, fed, and sheltered in return for cheap labor, mill towns, homes for workers to live in around the mills

Jacksonian Democracy

The first major opening up of American suffrage (voting rights) by Jackson's new Democratic Party in 1830s. Franchise extended to all white men (not just rich white men). Achieved by state legislation not constitutional amendment.

Declaration of Sentiments

Revision of the Declaration of Independence to include women and men (equal). It was the grand basis of attaining civil, social, political, and religious rights for women. Seneca Falls Convention

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Lousiana Purchase

Land purchased from France doubling the size of the U.S. and gaining control of new ports in the Western boundaries

War of 1812

A war between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France by impressing American sailors. Resulted in the United States reasserting their presence and removal of Britain

Monroe Doctrine

An American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Missouri Compromise

An agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories; closed most of the Louisiana Territory to slavery

Westward Expansion Debates

Moving west would bring up questions about the extension of slavery into new territories and the balance of slave vs free states in Congress

Ordinance of Secession

After the 1860 election, South Carolina became the 1st state to unanimously decide to leave the Union

Manifest Destiny

the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Novel published by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 which portrayed slavery as brutal and immoral

Compromsie of 1850

Led to sectional harmony for several years under the following conditions: California admitted as a free state, new Mexico and Utah would be decided on their own, slave trade abolished in DC, Fugitive Slave Law passed

Kansas-Nebraska Act

a law that allowed voters in Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether to allow slavery; overturned by the Dred Scott Decision

Dred Scott v. Sanford

1857 Supreme Court decision that stated slaves were not citizens: slaves were property no matter where they were living and the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional

Fugitive Slave Act

A law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

Emancipation Proclamation

Proclamation issued by Lincoln, freeing all slaves in rebelling states; strengthened the moral cause of the war

Gettysburg Address

Speech given by Abraham Lincoln in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War; supported the ideals of self-government and human rights

Confederacy Advantages and Disadvantages

superior military leadership; home-field advantage; greater motivation to fight for independence and preservation of way of life; BUT smaller population and force; lack of industry and railroads to supply army; poor political leadership; fighting amongst states

Union Advantages and Disadvantages

Industrial output; high population and size of force; extensive railroads to transport men and supplies; good navy blockade; superior political leadership; BUT inexperienced generals appointed for political, not military, reasons; offensive war which was high in casualties; had to move army/supplies to South; struggle for unity

Sharecropping System

Dominant agricultural model in the post-Civil War South. Is a system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land

Redeemers

Southern Democratic politicians who sought to gain control from Republican regimes in the South after Reconstruction.

Nativism

the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

Massachusetts 54th Regiment

One of the first black units in the US Armed Forces. Earned place in history at Fort Wagner. Still faced discrimination and unequal pay

Black Codes

Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed slaves

13th Amendment

Abolition of slavery

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

15th Amendment (1870)

Prohibited voting restrictions based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude

Compromise of 1877

Compromise that enables Hayes to take office in return for the end of Reconstruction

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and supported black suffrage.

Anne Hutchinson

American colonist who was banished from Boston for challenging gender and religious views.