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Entry point reaction for N2 to join bioprocesses
glutamate and glutamine
Glutamate to glutamine enzyme
glutamine synthetase
E.coli glutamine synthetase structure
has 12 identical subunits
Allosteric regulation of GS
byproducts of glutamine can inhibit reaction of glutamate to glutamine
Products that inhibit GS
AMP, CTP, tryptophan, histidine, carbamoyl phosphate, glucosamine 6-P
Covalent modification of GS
modification of each subunit reduces activity incrementally
Transamination enzyme
transaminases
Transamination coenzyme
pyridoxal phosphate (PTP)
1-C transfer part 1
carboxylases
1-C transfer coenzyme (carboxylase)
biotin
1-C transfer part 2
methyltransferase
1-C transfer coenzyme (methyltransferase)
tetrahydrofolate, SAM
Amide group transfer
glutamine amidotransferse
Amide group transfer coenzyme
ATP
a-ketoglutarate forms
glutamate
a-ketoglutarate to glutamate enzyme
glutamate dehydrogenase
Glutamate can form
glutamine, proline, arginine, or go into urea cycle (in mammals)
3-phosphoglycerate forms
serine
Serine can form
glycine and cysteine
Oxaloacetate transamination
aspartate
Aspartate amidation
asparagine
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells
require asparagine for growth (chemotherapy uses asparaginase)
Pyruvate transamination
alanine
Phenylalanine to tyrosine
phenylalanine hydroxylase
Bile pigment step 1
heme to biliverdin
Bile pigment step 1 enzyme
heme oxygenase
Bile pigment step 2
biliverdin to bilirubin
Bile pigment step 2 enzyme
biliverdin reductase
Bile pigment step 3
bilirubin goes to bile or bilirubin forms bilirubin diglucuronoid
Bile pigment step 3 enzyme
glucuronosyl transferase
Bile pigment step 4
bilirubin to urobilinogen
Bile pigment step 5
urobilinogen forms urobilin and stercobilin
Creatine is produced from
glycine, arginine, methionine
Phosphocreatine
energy buffer of the muscle cells
Spermine and spermidine precursors
SAM, methionine, ornithine
Glutamate to Y-aminobutyrate (GABA) enzyme
glutamate decarboxylase (PLP) (CO2 exits reaction)
Histidine to histamine enzyme
histidine decarboxylase (PLP) (CO2 exits reaction)
