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Flashcards about Henry VII and his reign.
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How did Henry VII come to power?
The War of the Roses between the Houses of Lancaster and York
Who was responsible for the disappearance of the princes in the tower?
Richard III
What was Henry VII's link to the throne?
Edward III was his great-great-grandfather and his mother was a descendant of John Beaufort
When was the Battle of Bosworth?
August 1485
During the War of the Roses, how many kings were usurped?
5 out of 6
What did Henry VII attempt to do?
To consolidate his power and establish the Tudor dynasty
What were Henry VII's advantages?
Successful leader/soldier, Welsh origins & French exile, no fear of family rivalries, support from gentry/merchants/landowners, noble heirs killed
What were Henry VII's disadvantages?
Plantagnet rivals, low status of monarchy, seizure of throne, Margaret of Burgundy's threat, weak claim to throne
What were Henry VII's main objectives?
Establish and secure his right to the throne, strengthen royal government, strengthen the monarchy financially
When was Henry VII's coronation in Canterbury?
October 1485
Why did Henry VII summon Parliament in November 1485?
To backdate his reign to the day before the Battle of Bosworth
When did Henry VII marry Elizabeth of York?
January 1486
Why did Henry VII marry Elizabeth of York?
To establish the Tudor Dynasty
When was the Royal Progress Tour?
April 1486
When was the birth of Prince Arthur?
September 1486
Why was the birth of Prince Arthur important?
To establish the future of the Tudor dynasty and its permanency
When was the Act of Resumption?
1486
What happened to Edward, Earl of Warwick?
Locked in Tower, executed for conspiring against Crown in 1499
What happened to De La Pole Brothers, Earls of Lincoln (John) and Suffolk (Edmund)?
Declared loyalty to Henry and Lincoln was on his council; Lincoln then killed in 1487 Battle of Stoke fighting for the Yorkists; Edmund/Suffolk was executed by Henry VIII in 1513
What happened to Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland?
Imprisoned and released when he swore an oath of loyalty to Henry, continued role as Lord in marches bordering Scotland until lynched in 1489 Yorkshire Tax Revolt
What happened to Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey, after Bosworth?
Imprisoned for 3 years until returning to the nobility and becoming Duke of Norfolk and taking place on Henry's council as Lieutenant in the North and Lord Treasurer
What roles did Jasper Tudor hold under Henry VII?
Chief Justice of Wales and Constable of all Royal Welsh castles
What title did Lord Thomas Stanley receive for aiding Henry at Bosworth?
Earl of Derby
What positions did Sir Thomas Lovell hold in Henry VII's government?
Chancellor of Exchequer and Treasurer of Household
What position did Sir William Stanley hold in Henry VII's government?
Lord Chamberlain
What position did Sir Reginald Bray hold in Henry VII's government?
Member of King's Council
What positions did John Morton, Bishop of Ely, hold in Henry VII's government?
Lord Chancellor, Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardinal of Rome
How did Henry VII reduce reliance on nobility and limit their power?
Attainders, Patronage, Clamp down on retaining, Financial controls
How many attainders were passed and reversed during Henry VII's reign?
138 passed (51 in last five years of reign), 46 reversed
How did Henry VII use patronage?
Rarely used to not create a group of nobles who could rise as threats, looked for royal agents in local communities without extensive land
How did Henry VII clamp down on retaining?
Laws passed against illegal retaining in 1485 and 1504
How did Henry VII use financial controls to keep nobles in check (Burgavenny)?
Nobles in debt to Crown (Burvagenny £70k, 3 in bonds)
When was the Council Learned in Law established?
1495
What were Henry VII's aims regarding economic policy?
Increase own personal revenue, Increase efficiency of existing forms of revenue, Reduce financial dependence on Parliament, Use financial policy to keep nobles in check
How did Henry VII improve financial administration?
Moving control to the Privy Chamber from the Treasury and Exchequer in 1487
What did Henry VII establish to improve financial administration?
Establishing Surveyor of the King's Ward and Court of Audit
What were the sources of ordinary revenue for Henry VII?
Crown Lands, Feudal Dues, Custom Duties, Legal Dues
How did Henry VII gain Crown Lands?
Inherited land through 1486 Act of Resumption and attainders
How did Henry VII use feudal dues?
Demand payment through form of relief, marriage, wardship or livery
Who was the Master of King's Ward?
Sir John Hussey
How did Henry VII improve his income from custom duties?
Income rose from £33,000 at the start of his reign to £40,000 at the end
What were considered legal dues?
Fine money and payments made by those appearing before King's court
What were the sources of extraordinary revenue for Henry VII?
Bonds and Recognisances, Loans and Benevolences, Feudal Dues, Clerical Taxes, Parliamentary Taxes
What are Bonds and Recognisances?
Payments made as guarantee of good behaviour
What are Loans and Benevolences?
King's right to ask for financial help
What clerical tax did Henry VII use?
Simony
What is Simony?
Appointed leading churchmen to raise money by selling offices
What are Parliamentary Taxes?
Special grants of taxes by Parliament to finance royal policies
How successful was Henry VII in increasing his personal revenue?
Income of £113,000 by his death which was 2x higher than the start of his reign, inherited bankrupt throne and left treasury of £1.5-2 million
What ensured good behaviour of the nobles?
Feudal dues and bonds and recognisances
What events marked a turning point in Henry VII's financial control?
Arthur dies in 1502 & Elizabeth in 1503
What was the biggest part of the Agrarian Economy?
Sheep farming and demand for wool
What was responsible for 90% English exports?
Cloth trade
By how much did the volume of cloth increase under Henry VII?
60%
Who controlled the export of wool?
Merchants of Staple controlled export of wool
What happened to Arable Farming?
Reduction in arable farming
What was pressured due to enclosure?
Open-field husbandry was pressured due to enclosure
What was farming which involved growing crops and raising animals as livestock?
Mixed farming
What type of farming specialised in things such as horse breeding?
Pastoral farming
What had the biggest importance in trade and industry?
Cloth trade
How much did the Cloth trade bring into the Royal Treasury?
£40,000
Who dominated cloth trade with Antwerp?
Merchant Adventurers
When were the merchant adventurers established?
1487
What was supposed to break control from Hanseatic League?
Navigation Act 1485
What treaty ended Spanish retaliation to Navigation Acts?
Treaty of Medina Del Campo 1489
What embargo was caused because Henry VII was unsecure?
Trading Embargo with Netherlands 1493
What resolved the 1493 trade embargo?
Intercursus Magnus 1496
What gave a strong trading position to English merchants?
Intercursus Malus 1506
What were the councils of Henry VII?
The Royal Council, The Star Chamber, Council Learned in Law, Council of the North, Council of Wales, Privy Chamber, The Great Chamber, Hall and Household
Was Henry VII anti or pro noble?
Anti-Noble
What country was Henry VII the Lord Of?
Ireland
Who was Henry VII's deputy in Ireland?
Earl of Kildare
What council did Henry VII restore with Jasper Tudor?
Wales
Who was in charge of running courts?
Justices of Peace
How many times did Henry VII call parliament?
7 times
What threats (rebellions) to his rule did Henry face?
Uprisings, Lovell/Stafford Conspiracy 1486, Simnel Conspiracy 1487, Warbeck Conspiracy 1490-1499, Suffolk Conspiracy 1499-1506, Tax Revolts
Who was sent to Ireland by MoB?
Warbeck