Biopsychology TEST 3

Theories of Emotion

Common Sense Theory, James-Lange Theory, Cannon-Bard Theory, Papez-Maclean “Theory”/System, Schacter- Singer Theory, Ekman’s Facial Feedback Hypothesis, Modern Theory, Right Hemisphere only theory, Valence Hypothesis

Common Sense Theory

emotions are simply a class of feelings, differentiated by their experienced quality from other sensory experiences like tasting chocolate or proprioception like sensing pain in one's lower back

James-Lange Theory

physical changes in the body happen first, which then leads to the experience of emotion

Cannon Bard Theory

that we feel emotions and experience physiological reactions such as sweating, trembling, and muscle tension

Papez Maclean theory

the experience of emotion was determined by activity in the cingulate cortex and, less directly, other cortical areas, the hypothalamus, expanded system and theory, said for more primitive emotions named it the limbic system

Schacter- Singer Theory

emotion is formed from physiological arousal and a cognitive label. This theory also explains that a person's emotional response is formed from an interpretation of their immediate environment

Ekman’s Facial Feedback Hypothesis

 individuals' emotional experiences are influenced by their facial expressions. For example, smiling should typically make individuals feel happier, and frowning should make them feel sadder

Duchenne Smile (authentic smile)

looking into the mirror and faking a smile will trick your brain into thinking that you are happy

“Modern” Theory

 judgments, desires, physiological changes, feelings, and behavior as possible constituents of emotion

Right Hemisphere (only) Hypothesis

 emotional stimuli are perceived more efficiently by the right hemisphere than by the left hemisphere. ^^The current research examines this hypothesis by examining hemispheric asymmetries for the conscious and unconscious perception of emotional stimuli^^

Valence Hypothesis

negative emotions and related display behaviors are modulated by the ^^right hemisphere and positive emotions and related display behaviors are modulated by the left hemisphere^^

Amygdala

commonly thought to form the core of a neural system for processing fearful and threatening stimuli (4), including the detection of threat and activation of appropriate fear-related behaviors in response to threatening or dangerous stimuli

Hemispheric Differences

Left- Positive

Right- Negative

Insular cortex

Brain region involved in emotional processing, self-awareness, and social cognition. Located in the cerebral cortex, it's responsible for regulating our emotional responses, interpreting social cues, and helping us understand our own thoughts and feelings. Dysfunction in this area has been linked to various psychiatric and neurological disorders, including anxiety, depression, and autism.

Papez Circuits

A neural circuit that connects the limbic system to the thalamus and cortex. It is involved in the regulation of emotions, memory, and learning.

Circuit 1

amygdala and hypothalamus survival

Circuit 2

cingulate gyrus, septum, \n hypothalamus - pleasure - especially sexual \n pleasure

Circuit 3

hypothalamus & thalamus - \n cooperative social behaviors

Schachter-Singer famous experiment

The experiment where two confederates were either happy or sad which influenced the participants way of thinking about the experiment

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

Symptoms of this neurological disorder include hyperorality, hypersexuality, visual agnosia, and disinhibited behavior. It is caused by damage to the temporal lobes of the brain.

Charles Whitman

Had a brain tumor pressing on his amygdala, which caused him to kill his mother and sister and then opening fire on a university in Texas

Types of Agression

Irritable and Fear-Induced

Irritable Aggression

Amygdala is medial

Fear Induced Aggression

central and basal nuclei, medial - \n increase; ventral basal and lateral inhibit

Research on Testosterone

higher levels of circulating testosterone in men are associated with increases in male-typical behaviors such as physical aggression and anger

Anti-anxiety medications and the neurotransmitter

enhance the activity of the neurotransmitter GABA—a chemical in the brain that helps you to feel calm

The wiring of the visual system

The complex network of neural connections that transmit visual information from the eyes to the brain, where it is processed and interpreted to create our perception of the world around us. This wiring includes the optic nerve, which carries visual signals from the retina to the brain, and various visual processing regions in the brain that work together to create a cohesive visual experience.

Split-Brain Patients

surgical resection of the callosal fibers in an attempt to reduce the spread of epileptic foci between the cerebral hemispheres

Research regarding split-brain patients

the left hemisphere of the brain was responsible for language understanding and articulation, while the right hemisphere could recognize a word, but could not articulate it

Wada Test

A test design to find the trigger for seizures by looking at both hemisphere of the brain including looking how each hemisphere looks at memory and language comprehension

Lateralization

The division of cognitive functions between the left and right hemispheres of the brain, with each hemisphere specializing in certain tasks

Lateralization w/ Language

refers to the phenomenon in which one hemisphere (typically the left) shows greater involvement in language functions than the other

Thalamus and Consciousness

 conscious experience is based on the interactions between thalamic nuclei and areas of the cortex, shifting attention

Binding Problem

the problem of how objects, background, and abstract or emotional features are combined into a single experience

Neural synchrony across many areas (40 Hz gamma)

Attention

Executive for Conciousness

claustrum, ACC, thalamus

Type 1 alcoholism

Chronic alcoholism caused by genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Onset is usually before age 25 and characterized by physical dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms.

Type 2 Alcoholism

A chronic condition characterized by a strong urge to drink, even when it causes negative consequences. It typically develops gradually over time and is often associated with genetic factors and environmental triggers. It can lead to physical and mental health problems and social and occupational impairment. Treatment may involve therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes.

Korsakoff’s syndrome

Memory disorder caused by thiamine deficiency, often due to alcoholism. Symptoms include confusion, memory loss, and difficulty with coordination.

Psychedelic Drugs

Classification of Psychedelic Drugs \n **– Anticholinergic** \n • Scopolamine \n **– Catecholamine-like** \n • Mescaline \n • Ecstasy \n • Nutmeg \n **– Serotonin-like** \n • LSD \n • DMT \n • Psilocybin \n **– Anesthetics** \n • PCP & Ketamine

Tolerance

how much you need for the drug to effect you

Addition Withdrawal

anxiety, fatigue, sweating, vomiting, depression, seizures, and hallucinations from quitting a drug

Conditioned Tolerance

a higher dose of a drug can be tolerated when external stimuli associated with prior administration of the drug are present

Affinity

describes strength of drug binding with receptor (“fit the lock

Efficacy

describes ability of drug-bound receptor to produce a response (“turn the key”)

Mechanisms for agonistic

Increases synthesis \n • destroys degrading enzymes \n • increases release of neurotransmitter \n (affects Ca channels) \n • blocks inhibitory effect of autoreceptors \n • activates postsynaptic receptors \n • inhibits degradation or reuptake

Mechanisms for antagonistic

Blocks synthesis of the neurotransmitter \n • increases leakage from vesicles \n • blocks release \n • activates auto receptors \n • blocks postsynaptic receptors

Methylphenidate

A central nervous system stimulant used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. It works by increasing the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, which helps to improve focus and reduce impulsivity.

Anandamide

Endocannabinoid neurotransmitter that acts as a natural painkiller and mood enhancer. It is produced in the brain and binds to cannabinoid receptors.

cannabinoids

Cannabinoids are a group of chemical compounds that interact with the endocannabinoid system in the body to produce various effects, including pain relief, relaxation, and altered perception. These compounds can be found in cannabis plants or produced naturally in the body.

Delirium tremens

a psychotic condition typical of withdrawal in chronic alcoholics, involving tremors, hallucinations, anxiety, and disorientation.

Treatment of delirium Tremens

Alcoholism treatment may start with detoxification at a medical facility. Sedatives may prevent delirium tremens.

Effects of Mary Jane

\
May be some immuno-suppression (are cannabinoid \n receptors in lymphatic system) \n • Can lower sperm count in males and ovulation in \n females \n • Long-term effects of pre-natal exposure are being \n studied – may be some

Reinforcement circuit

\
Nucleus accumbens \n • Medial Forebrain Bundle \n • Hypothalamus (lateral and pre-optic area) \n • Dopaminergic

Dopamine

The neurotransmitter dopamine is vital to reinforcement learning. The phasic activity of dopamine neurons, which in part encodes reward prediction error, is thought to reinforce the behavior of animals to maximize chances of receiving rewards in the future

The Nucleus Accumbens

is considered as the neural interface between motivation and action, playing a key role on feeding, sexual, reward, stress-related, drug self-administration behaviors