GCSE History- Medicine in Britain

RAMC

Immediate first aid for British army

FANY

Nurses, canteens, driving ambulances

Evacuation route for injured on frontline

Regimental first aid → main dressing station → casualty clearing station → base hospitals

Problem with evacuation route for injured..

Takes a long time to get places

Wound incision / debridement

Cutting infection away or amputation

Carrel Darkin method

Salt solution to wash out wounds

Thomas splint

Price of long wood on leg to hold leg in place →would heel bones

Problems with the xray vans

• Would overheat

• Could only have certain amounts of people in at once

How did xrays save lives

Work out where bullets were

Compound fracture

Bone goes through skin

Gas gangrene

Gangrene admitting bad snell which can kill you

Radiology

Imaging, reducing and treating wounds

Early problems with blood transfusions

• have to do it person to person

• Couldn't stave blood because it would clot

Cambrai

Blood bank - 22 units of blood used to treat soldiers

Plastic surgery

Gillies - used to reconstruct face

Brain surgery

Cushing - magnets that drew fragments out the brain

Ypres salient

Passiondale 1917 - lots of battles happened here

Somme

• worst day in British history

• 19,200 deaths

• 4000 casualties

Arras

1917 - under ground hospital destroyed → had electricity running water etc.

Cambrai

First use of tanks

Front line

Where men fought

Command trench

Offices and generals giving commandments

Support trench

Where frontline soldiers would hide if it was getting too heated

Reserve trench

Where reserve Soldiers were kept

Communication trench

Connected all the trenches together

How was the terrain a limiting factor?

Very muddy - people would get stuck etc.

Gangrene

Infection like Sepsis

Trench foot

Deteriorated feet due to them being wet all the time

How was trench food treated

• amputation

• Fresh shoes and socks

• Whale oil

Trench fever

Headaches and flu-like - caused by lice

How was trench fever treated

Keeping soldiers warm and deliced

Shell shock

Mental breakdown - rock back and forth , mumbling (caused by PTSD)

How was shell shock treated

Shot soldiers for being cowardly

Types of gases

Chlorine, phosgene, mustard

How were gas attack symptoms prevented

Urinate on cloth and breathe it in or use gas masks

When was the medieval period

1000 - 1500

When was the renaissance period

1500 - 1700

When was the industrial period

1700 - 1900

When is the modern period

1900 - present

Hippocrates

4 humors

Galen

Theory of opposites

Medieval belifes in causes in illness

• Punishment for sin

• Astrology

• Theory of opposites

• Miasma

• 4 humors

Medieval ways to prevent illness

• go to church

• Lucky charms

• Burning herbs

• Punishing them selves

Medieval influence on the church

• controlled knowledge

• Supported Galen

Who treated sick in medeivil periods

• wise women

• Barber surgeons

• Apothecary

• Physicians

Medieval hospital care

• look after you not treat you

• Cleanlines is godliness

Beliefs about Black Death causes

• Misaligned planets

• Miasma

Treatments for Black Death

• go to church

• Isolate

• Burning herbs.

• Cutting buboes off

Symptoms of black death

Buboes, headache, fever, hallucinations

Preventions of Black Death

• praying

• Smelling flowers

• Not traveling

Versalius

Proved Galen wrong and publishes illustrations of anatomy

Harvey

Circulation and the heart

Syden ham

Observation and grouping diseases

Invention of printing press ment..

Ideas spread widely

Dissolution of monasteries

Henry 8th shut down monestries (hospitals) for more money and land

New treatments in renaissance

• transference

• New herbal remedies

The royal society

-set up by Charles 2nd

-leading doctors and scientists helped publish book backed up by the king with new findings in it

causes for The great plague

Same as black plague

• was actually because of bacteria from rats and flees

Treatments for the great plague

Plague doctors, herbal,isolation, killed cats and dogs, king banned meetings

Impact on public health

40% of Londoners died

Why did the great plague end

-great fire of London

-Bad winter= killed lots of rats

Nitrous oxide

Laughing gas→ removal of teeth etc.

Ether

Knock people out but it’s flammable

Chloroform

Longer operations,popularised by queen Victoria,couldn’t control dose at first so people died

Nightingale

Treated soldiers in chrimian war and believes I; miasma

-cleaner hospitals

-trained nurses→ released book on nursing

Simpson

Inventor of chloroform

Snow

-plotted death rate of cholera

-asked gov. to remove handle from a pump which people were dying from

-death rate went down

Changes in hospital care in industrial period

• doctors and nurses payed by gov.

• Care improves

• Blood loss still a killer

Bazalgette

Built sewage system

Jenner

Vaccination for smallpox

-tested vaccine on people

-gov. Gave him money and made vaccine compulsory

Spontaneous generation

Living organisms generate from non-living organisms

Louis Pasteur

Discovered germ theory, couldn’t prove it

Lister

Killing germs with carbolic acid → aseptic

Koch

Proved germ theory

2nd Public health act of 1875

Forced councils to clean streets and water

Watson and Crick

Discovered dna has double helix →led to human genome project

How did surgery improve in modern period

Less death rates, aseptic, micro surgery, keyhole surgery→ still have diseases with no cure though

Flemming

Accidentally discovered penicillin which can kill bacteria

Florey and chain

Proved why Flemings penicillin worked

-funded my us gov. To make lots for soldiers

Ways to diagnose illness in modern period

X-rays, CT scans , CAT scans ,MRI scans,ultrasound

Magic bullets

-Sallvison 606: cured syphlis

-treats specific bacteria and doesn’t harm body

Services provided by NHS

-free advice, treatment etc.

Mass vaccinations

-HIV

-MMR

-COVID

*all to prevent infection and disease

Lifestyle campaigns

-no smoking- banning smoking in car or allowing under 18’s to buy cigs forever/can’t smoke in public/ban smoking ads

-5 a day

-clean air zones