chapter 25 - lecture exam 5

nutrition

process by which a living organism assimilates food and uses it for growth and for replacement of tissues

nutrients

chemicals produced by body to produce energy, provide building blocks or function in other chemical reactions

essential nutrients

must be ingested because the body cant manufacture by itself or unable to manufacture in large amounts

6 nutrients listed

carbs, protiens, lipids, water, vitamins, minerals

nutrients required in large amounts sv small amounts

carbs proteins lipids and water required in large amounts and minerals and vitamins required in small amounts

essentail nutrients listed

water, certain amino acids and fatty acids, most vitamins and minerals

carbs

can be ingested in dif forms (most come from plants), monosaccharides, dissacharides, polysaccharides

monosaccarides

glucose, fructose, galactose

disaccharides

sucrose, maltose, lactose

polysaccharides

starch, glycogen, cellulose

dissacharides and polysaccarides can be

converted to glucose and used for energy or stored as glycogen or fats

carb functions

digestion, liver, excess glucose, sugars

digestion functions in carbs

breaks polysaccharides and dissacharides into monosaccharides before absorbtion

liver funciton in carbs

converts monosaccharides to glucose which is then used as an energy source to produce ATP

excess glucose

converted to glycogen and stored in muscle and liver cells, excess beyond storage is converted to fat

sugars function in carbs

glycoprotiens and glycolipids, can become part of DNA, RNA, and ATP, 

lipids

can be ingested as triglycerides (95%) or cholesterol phospholipids and linolec acids (5%)

triglycerides

used for energy or stored in adipose tissue and liver

cholesterol

forms other molecules such as steroid hormones, cholesterol and phospholipids part of plasma mem

linolec acids

essential fatty acids, found in seeds, nuts, legumes, grains, green leaves

lipid functions - triglycerides

used to produce ATP, excess stored in liver or adipose tissue

lipid functions - cholesterol

can be ingested or manufactured in body, can be modified to form bile salts and steriods

lipids function - eiconosoids derived from fatty acids

involved in inflammation, blood clotting, tissue repair, smooth muscle contraction

lipids function - phospholipids

part of plasma mem, used to construct the myelin sheath, part of bile

proteins

ingested and broken down into amino acids, chains of amino acids

complete proteins

contain all necessary amino acids, meat fish poultry eggs cheese milk

functions of protiens

protection (antibodies), regulation (enzymes and hormones), structure (collagen), muscle contraction (actin and myosin), transportation (hemoglobin and transport proteins), receptors

lipids soluble vitamins

D, A, E, K, can be stored in fatty tissues to the point of toxicity, too much A causes bone and muscle pain, skin disorders, hair loss, increase in liver size, too much D causes deposition of Ca in kidneys, heart, blood vessels

water soluble vitamins

B, C, all others, remain for a short period of time then are excreted, if your not using your excreting, too much C causes stomach inflammation or diarrhea 

kilocalories in carbs lipids and proteins

carbs: 1g = 4kcal, lipids: 1g = 9kcal, proteins: 1g = 4kcal

essential amino acids vs nonessential

essential: must be obtained in diet

nonessential: body can synthesize

metabolism

sum of all chemical changes within the body

catabolism

breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecues, energy released

anabolism

building up of smaller molecules to form a larger molecule, energy is required

energy in carbs proteins and lipids used to produce

ATP through oxidation reduction reactions