UNIT 1 BIO

energy

capability to do work (ability to transfer energy to do work)

solar energy

source of energy for almost all life on the planet

chemical energy

energy found in the chemical bonds of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

mechanical energy

energy of motion (kinetic energy) or position of an object before it moves (potential energy) 

kinetic energy

energy of motion

potential energy

position of an object before it moves

first law of thermodynamics

energy may be converted between forms 

second law of thermodynamics

conversion of energy from one form to another results in a loss of energy in the form of heat 

entropy

 used to describe the loss of organization of systems due to less energy

ATP

couples energy-releasing reactions to energy-requiring ones

organic nutrients

molecule that contains both carbon and hydrogen so it can form complex molecules

digestive system

breakdown nutrients into components that can be transported to the cells of the body and supples water and allowing for the removal of undigested waste material

mechanical digestion

processes that increase the surface area of the food so the chemical digestipn of nutrients is more efficient

chemical digestion

the breakdown of nutrients using enzymes into smaller units that can readily be absorbed into the circulatory system for distribution

organs for digestion

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder

stomach

Mechanical mixing of food start of protein digestion 

liver

produces bile to assist in lipid digestion; processes and stores many different forms of nutrients

pancreas

produces digestive enzymes for use in the small intestine; assists in the regulation of blood glucose levels; produces insulin

gallbladder

stores bile until needed by the small intestine

bile

fluid that breaks down fats into fatty acid

enzymes

metabolic catalysts that speed up chemical reaction by lowering activation energy

active site

where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction to form products

feedback inhibition

where the end product can turn off the enzyme so the enzyme can be regulated

substrate

molecule that an ezyme acts upon during a chemical reaction

prokaryotic cells

simple cells that lack a nucleus and any internal organs

eukaryotic cells

larger, more complex cells that contain a nucleus and numerous membrane-bound compartments called organelles

oxygen, glucose

mitochondria uses _____ and _____ to produce ATP

phospholipid

key to regulatory functions of the plasma membrane; dual layer of lipids

hydrophilic (polar)

the phospholipid has a ______ head

hydrophobic (nonpolar)

the phospholipid has a _____ tail

phospholipid bilayer

when in a water environment, it forms a hydrophilic-hydrophobic barrier that blocks movement of most molecules from the membrane

cholesterol

lipid that helps regulate the fluid nature of the membane

proteins

many functions; acting as channels through the membrane and signaling to the interior of the cell 

glycoproteins

proteins with carb molecules attached that serve to identify the function of the cell to other cell and the immune system

cytoskeleton proteins

interior network of proteins that support the plasma membrane and provide shape to cell

passive transport

do not require energy to move molecules across the membrane, moves with concentration until equilibrium reached

diffusion

molecules move to equalize concentration

facilitated diffusion

protein serves as carrier across plasma membrane

osmosis

diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane, from areas of high to low water concentration

isotonic solutions

same solute concentration inside as outside, no net change

hypotonic solutions

lower solute concentration outside than inside, net movement of water into cell

hypertonic solutions

higher solute concentration outside than inside, net movement of water out of cell

Active transport

requires energy to be spent, usually in the form of ATP, molecules moved against concentration gradient

Bulk transport

mechanisms that involve the use of special vesicles(membrane-bound compartments) to move larger quantities of molecules across membrane at the same time

Endocytosis

movement into cell

Exocytosis

movement out of cell

Caffeine

natural chemical made by some plants including coffea, camellia, and theobroma

metabolic rate

caffeine can increase your _____

fatty acid chains

caffeine causes brain to produce hormones that result in the release of ______ from adipose tissue

anaerobic bacteria

flourished during early conditions of earth when it lacked oxygen

aerobic bacteria

evolved, able to tolerate oxygen

aerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, symbiotic relationship

______ were likely engulfed by ______ and instead of being consumed, formed a ______

monomers join to form polymers —> enzymes remove a hydroxyl from one monomer and a hydrogen from another monomer forming water

dehydration synthesis

water is added back to polymer to break links between monomers

hydrolytic reaction

fat-soluble vitamins

stored in adipose tissue, ex. Vitamins a, d, e, k

Water-soluble vitamins

not stored for long periods and need to be replaced often, ex. Vitamin b and c 

folic acid

involved in building new cells but not known to increase alertness, metabolic efficiency, or physical performance

energy drinks contain

 vitamins, minerals, food additives, stimulants