People On The Test

Edward Tolman

• Cognitive mapping experiments: Mouse maze experiment

• Latent learning

• Shaping

• Incentive based behavioral modification

Latent learning

• Learned behaviors that develop with no direct reinforcement and only tend to appear out of necessity

• Learning with no awareness of doing so

• Leaning is displayed only when there is an advantage to do so

Shaping

• Technique where complex behaviors are taught by breaking them into smaller steps and reinforcing each step’s successful completion

• Building upon prior knowledge and skills

Incentive based behavioral modification

Changing behavior by offering rewards (Incentives) to encourage the desired action

Wolfgang Kohler

• Studied problem solving insight through a series experiments: Chimpanzee experiment

• Insight

Insight

A sudden realization or understanding of a problem or situation, often leading to a solution

Albert Bandura

• Studied aggressive behavior in children through experiments: Bobo doll experiment

• Modeling

Modeling

• Observational learning

• Process of learning new behaviors by mimicking the actions of others

BF Skinner

• Adapted Thorndike's puzzle boxes to include both reinforcements and punishments

• Skinner boxes

David Premack

The Premack principle

The Premack principle

States that desirable activities can motivate people to change undesirable behaviors by using rewards (Incentive based learning) and reinforcing the behavior after it happens

Edward Thorndike

• The learning curve

• The law and effect

• Learning by trial and error

• Studied reinforcement based behavioral modification through experiments: Animal behavior in puzzle boxes experiment

The learning curve

Shows how quickly someone learns a new skill or task over time, with improvement happening faster at first and then slowing down as they get better

Ivan Pavlov

Conditioned response experiments

John Watson

Studied how phobias can be learned, generalized, and extinguished based about classical conditioning principles through experiments: The little Albert experiment