Plant and Animal Cells

cell wall

tough and rigid to provide shape and support

cell membrane

controls what enters and exits the cell

vacuole

stores food, water, and waste. Gives plant cells shape.

chloroplast

uses light energy to create sugar and oxygen

mitochondria

uses sugar to create energy

cytoplasm

watery substance that keeps all organelles in place

nucleus

controls all cell activities and contains the DNA

plant cell

boxy-shaped cell with chloroplasts and cell wall

animal cell

cell with no set shape, no cell wall, and no chloroplasts

cell

basic unit of structure and function in organisms

chlorophyll

green pigment that helps the chloroplast during photosynthesis

Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Concentration

A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

Solution

A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis

diffusion of water

flaccid

limp, not firm; lacking vigor or effectiveness

turgid

swollen

Organelle

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

enzyme

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

optimum

best; most favorable; ideal

Denature

A change in the shape of a protein (such as an enzyme) that can be caused by changes in temperature or pH (among other things).

Isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

Hypertonic

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.

catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

active site

The part of an enzyme where the chemical reaction occurs.

Substrate

A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme

Reactant

A chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction

collision

the moment when two objects hit each other

enzyme specificity

enzyme only bonds to one substrate due to shape of active site