Exam 2 Patho review

Stoma

A surgically created opening on the body’s surface to allow waste or nutrition to bypass part of the gastrointestinal or urinary system.

Colostomy

An opening from the colon (large intestine) to the abdominal wall that allows for the exit of stool.

Ileostomy

An opening from the ileum (last part of the small intestine) that allows for the exit of liquid to semi-liquid stool.

Urostomy

A urinary diversion procedure using a piece of small intestine to carry urine from the ureters to the surface.

Gastrostomy (G-Tube)

A tube inserted directly into the stomach for long-term nutritional support.

Colostomy Indications

Colon cancer, diverticulitis, bowel obstruction, trauma.

Ileostomy Indications

Ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, familial adenomatous polyposis, colon cancer requiring total colectomy.

Urostomy Indications

Bladder cancer, bladder removal (cystectomy), birth defects.

Gastrostomy Indications

Stroke, neurological disorders (e.g., ALS), head/neck cancers.

Skin Care for Stomas

Clean the skin gently with warm water, avoid alcohol-based products near the stoma, ensure the wafer fits snugly to avoid leakage.

Signs of Complications with Stomas

Skin irritation or breakdown, prolapse, retraction, blockage, infection or bleeding.

Memory Tip for Colostomy Output

C for Colon, and formed stool comes from farther down.

Memory Tip for Ileostomy Output

I for Ileum and Icky output (more watery and enzyme-rich).

Memory Tip for Urostomy

U for Urine.

Memory Tip for Gastrostomy

G = Gut feeding.

What are the common procedures in general surgery?

Laparotomies, hernia repairs, resections, anastomoses.

What is the difference between omentum and mesentery?

Omentum: Fatty peritoneal tissue over abdominal organs. Mesentery: Anchors intestines to posterior wall, houses vessels and lymphatics.

What factors determine the choice of surgical incisions?

Location, procedure, and healing potential.

What are some key instruments used in general surgery?

Poole suction, DeBakey forceps, Metz & Mayo scissors, Kocher, Allis, Babcock, Army-Navy, Richardson retractors.

What are the types of surgical staplers?

Linear, TA, EEA (circular), laparoscopic articulating.

What is the purpose of proper positioning, prepping, and draping in surgery?

To maintain a sterile field and avoid infections.

What is Nissen Fundoplication used for?

It is performed for GERD and hiatal hernia, involving a stomach wrap around the esophagus.

What are some conditions that affect the stomach?

Gastritis, ulcers, pyloric stenosis, gastric cancer.

What are the types of anastomosis?

End-to-End, End-to-Side, Side-to-Side, Roux-en-Y.

What are the types of stomas and their locations?

Ileostomy (RLQ), Colostomy (LLQ), Urostomy (lower right).

What are common symptoms of anorectal pathology?

Bleeding, pain, itching, swelling, leakage.

What are the key functions of the liver?

Metabolism, detoxification, and bile production.

What are common pathologies of the gallbladder?

Cholecystitis, gallstones, cancer.

What is a Whipple procedure?

A complex procedure (Pancreaticoduodenectomy) for tumors of the pancreatic head.

What are the roles of the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

Thyroid regulates metabolism via T3/T4, while parathyroid regulates calcium via PTH.

What types of hernias are recognized in surgery?

Inguinal, femoral, umbilical, incisional, epigastric, hiatal, spigelian.

What are the indications for breast surgeries?

Cancer treatment, reconstruction, and preventive surgery.

General surgery primarily involves the __ cavity and the organs contained within it.

abdominal

The __ connects your intestines to the wall of your abdomen, keeping them in place.

mesentery

__ is a serious condition where part of the intestine slides into an adjacent part.

Intussusception

A __ is a surgical opening made in the abdomen for tube feeding or to vent the stomach.

gastrostomy

The __ procedure removes the entire stomach and reconstitutes the alimentary tract.

total gastrectomy

__ refers to any abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant.

Neoplasm

Gallbladder removal surgery is known as __.

cholecystectomy

__ is inflammation of the stomach, which may be acute or chronic.

Gastritis

The __ duct transports bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine.

bile

Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication is primarily used to treat __ disorders.

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

General Surgery

Involves the management of abdominal cavity, breast, head/neck, blood vessels, and digestive tract injuries.

Omentum

Fatty peritoneal tissue that covers abdominal organs.

Mesentery

Tissue that anchors intestines to the posterior abdominal wall and houses vessels and lymphatics.

Nissen Fundoplication

A surgical procedure for GERD/hiatal hernia; stomach is wrapped around the esophagus.

Gastrostomy

Surgical procedure to create an opening for a feeding tube in the stomach.

Stoma Types

Ileostomy (RLQ), Colostomy (LLQ), Urostomy (lower right).

Cholecystectomy

Surgical removal of the gallbladder; mostly performed laparoscopically.

Pancreatectomy

Surgical procedure for the total or distal removal of the pancreas.

Lumpectomy

Surgical removal of a tumor and a small margin of surrounding tissue.

Thyroidectomy

Surgical removal of the thyroid gland, with the need to preserve parathyroid glands.

Hernia Types

Includes inguinal, femoral, umbilical, incisional, epigastric, hiatal, and spigelian hernias.

Bowel Technique

Strict separation of clean and dirty instruments during surgical procedures.