Ap biology unit 3

enzymes (function, made up of what)

biological catalysts (speed reactions), proteins

substrate and enzyme relationship

more substrate = high enzyme rate

environmental factors that affect enzyme

temperature and ph (change in tertiary structure)

competitive inhibitors

competes substrate for active site

noncompetitive ( allosteric) inhibitor

binds to allosteric site which changes shape

cofactors/enzymes

enhances binding substrate to site to increase enzymatic reaction efficiency

activation energy

difference between reactant energy and transition state

endergonic

enegetically unfavorable, high energy product/low energy reactant

exergonic

energetically favorable, low reactant product/high energy product

high activation energy means

slow reaction

low activation energy means

faster reaction

coupled reaction rule

cannot go from endergonic to exergonic

coupled reaction

favorable reaction is linked to unfavorable to control energy transfer

heterotrophs

organisms using other organisms to get organic molecules

autotrophs

producing own organic molecules

photoautotrophs

producing own light energy

photosynthesis (what it is/ outputs)

producing organic molecules (o2, sugar)

oxidation, reduction

OILRIG (oxidizes=loses hydrogen ion, reduces=gains hydrogen ion)

stroma

liquid

grana

thylakoid stacks

where does photosynthesis occur in prokaryotes

plasma membrane innerfoldings/cytosol

light-dependent reactions (where it occurs, inputs, output) —> study cycle!

thylakoid

light, h20

nadph, atp, oxygen (when h20 is split)

chlorophyll

light-absorbing pigment in photosystems

chemiosmosis

proton gradient/atp synthase creating atp

light-independent reactions, where it occurs (calvin cycle), 1 g3p is what, outcome

stroma

carbon fixation - inorganic to organic carbon using co2 w help of rubP

carbon reduction - creating G3P out of energy from nadph and atp

regenration - ruBP production

g3p = 9 atp, 6 nadph, 3 co2

creates sugar

cellular respiration

how organisms release energy, make atp

anaerobic, processes it can do

doesnt require oxygen, glycolysis/fermentation

aerobic

requires oxygen

glycolysis (location, what)

occurs in cytosol, breaking glucose into pyruvate w help of nad+

pyruvate oxidation (also apart of krebs cycle) location, what

mitochondria, pyruvate is oxidized into acetyl coa, releasing co2 nad+ turns into nadh (reduced)

krebs cycle (location, what)

matrix, acetyl coa = initiator, nad+ turns into nadh, fad is turned into nadh2 (both reduces), adp + inorganic phosphate = atp which is substrate phosphorylation

oxidation phosphorylation (location, what), outputs

inner membrane of mitochrondia/cristae, nadh/fadh2 are oxidized back to nad+ and fad, moving thru ETC and releasing energy for proton pump (h+ protons into innermembrane space which creates a proton gradient) —> allows for ATP synthase (adp+phosphate=atp), last ETC acceptor is oxygen, o2 combines w h protons and electrons to create h20

outputs: h20, atp, co2 back in krebs cycle

fermentation (where, types, purpose)

cytosol

alcholic fermentation: ethanol,co2, nadh to nad+

lactic acid fermentation": lactase, nadh to nad+

for nad+ regeneration to keep glycolysis going