Unit 2: Population and Migration Patterns and Processes

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105 Terms

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Agricultural Population Density

Number of Farmers divided by the arable land

<p>Number of Farmers divided by the arable land</p>
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Arable Land

Land suitable for farming/agriculture

<p>Land suitable for farming/agriculture</p>
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Physiological Population Density

Population of a region / arable (farmable) land

<p>Population of a region / arable (farmable) land</p>
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Arithmetic Population Density

Population of a region divided by total land area.

<p>Population of a region divided by total land area.</p>
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Baby Boom

Temporary marked increase in the birth rate

<p>Temporary marked increase in the birth rate</p>
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Census

A complete count of of a population

<p>A complete count of of a population</p>
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Child Mortality Rate

Total number of child deaths per 1,000 live births

<p>Total number of child deaths per 1,000 live births</p>
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Crude Birth Rate

Total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people in the society

<p>Total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people in the society</p>
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Crude Death Rate

Total number of deaths per 1,000 people in a society

<p>Total number of deaths per 1,000 people in a society</p>
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Dependency Ratio

Number of people too young or too old to work compared to workers

<p>Number of people too young or too old to work compared to workers</p>
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More Developed Country (MDC)

Also known as a relatively developed country or a developed country, country that has progressed further along the development continuum

<p>Also known as a relatively developed country or a developed country, country that has progressed further along the development continuum</p>
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Doubling Time

Number of years needed to double the population

<p>Number of years needed to double the population</p>
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Epidemiological Transition Model

The theory that says that there is a distinct cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition model. It can help explain how a country's population changes so dramatically.

<p>The theory that says that there is a distinct cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition model. It can help explain how a country's population changes so dramatically.</p>
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Industrial Revolution

Time during the 19th century, major improvements in manufacturing goals and delivering them to market

<p>Time during the 19th century, major improvements in manufacturing goals and delivering them to market</p>
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Infant Mortality Rates

the number of infant deaths (under age 1) per 1000 live births

<p>the number of infant deaths (under age 1) per 1000 live births</p>
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Less Developed Countries (LDC)

Non-industrialized/poor countries.

Stage two, early three

<p>Non-industrialized/poor countries.</p><p>Stage two, early three</p>
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Life Expectancy

Average number of years an infant can expect to live

<p>Average number of years an infant can expect to live</p>
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Thomas Malthus

An English economist who was one of the first to argue that the world's population increase was far outrunning the development of food production

<p>An English economist who was one of the first to argue that the world's population increase was far outrunning the development of food production</p>
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Malthusian Theory

The theory that population grows faster than food supply

<p>The theory that population grows faster than food supply</p>
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Medical Revolution

Time during the late 20th countries, when medical technology from Europe and North America diffused to developing countries

<p>Time during the late 20th countries, when medical technology from Europe and North America diffused to developing countries</p>
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Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The percentage of annual growth in a population excluding migration.

<p>The percentage of annual growth in a population excluding migration.</p>
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Neo-Malthusian

A belief that the world is characterized by scarcity and competition in which too many people fight for too few resources. Named for Thomas Malthus, who predicted a dismal cycle of misery, vice, and starvation as a result of human overpopulation

<p>A belief that the world is characterized by scarcity and competition in which too many people fight for too few resources. Named for Thomas Malthus, who predicted a dismal cycle of misery, vice, and starvation as a result of human overpopulation</p>
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Population Pyramids

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

<p>A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.</p>
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Anti-Natalist Policies

Government policies to reduce the rate of natural increase

<p>Government policies to reduce the rate of natural increase</p>
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Pro-Natalist Policies

Government policies to increase the rate of natural increase

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Sex Ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

<p>The number of males per 100 females in the population.</p>
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Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.

<p>The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.</p>
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Zero Population Growth

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.

<p>A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.</p>
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Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics

<p>The scientific study of population characteristics</p>
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Overpopulation

The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

<p>The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.</p>
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Population Center

An area of land where people are most dense, including East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe.

<p>An area of land where people are most dense, including East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe.</p>
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Demographic Transition Model

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.

<p>A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.</p>
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Mobility

A general term covering all types of movement from one place to another

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Periodic movement

Movement - for example, college attendance or military service - that involves temporary, recurrent relocation

<p>Movement - for example, college attendance or military service - that involves temporary, recurrent relocation</p>
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Net migration

The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants

<p>The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants</p>
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Push Factors of Immigration

reasons people emigrate and leave their homes such as economic troubles, overcrowding, poverty

<p>reasons people emigrate and leave their homes such as economic troubles, overcrowding, poverty</p>
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Intraregional Migration

movement within a region

<p>movement within a region</p>
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Interregional Migration

Movement from one region to another

<p>Movement from one region to another</p>
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Migration Transition

Change in migration patterns in a society caused by industrialisation, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition

<p>Change in migration patterns in a society caused by industrialisation, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition</p>
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Gravity Model

Predicts interaction between places on the basis of their population size and distance between them.

<p>Predicts interaction between places on the basis of their population size and distance between them.</p>
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Migrant Workers

people, typically farmers, who move from place to place to harvest fruits and vegetables

<p>people, typically farmers, who move from place to place to harvest fruits and vegetables</p>
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Refugee

a person who has a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion

<p>a person who has a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion</p>
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Asylum seeker

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee

<p>Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee</p>
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brain drain

the loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries

<p>the loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries</p>
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guest worker

a foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country

<p>a foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country</p>
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intervening obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.

<p>An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.</p>
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internal migration

permanent movement within the same country

<p>permanent movement within the same country</p>
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transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

<p>The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.</p>
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Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

A set of 11 "laws" that can be organized into three groups: the reasons why migrants move, the distance they typically move, and their characteristics.

<p>A set of 11 "laws" that can be organized into three groups: the reasons why migrants move, the distance they typically move, and their characteristics.</p>
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remittance

Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries

<p>Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries</p>
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migration selectivity

Only people exhibiting certain characteristics in a population choosing to migrate

<p>Only people exhibiting certain characteristics in a population choosing to migrate</p>
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step migration

migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages

<p>migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages</p>
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chain migration

pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links

<p>pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links</p>
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activity space

The area within which people move freely on their rounds of regular activity

<p>The area within which people move freely on their rounds of regular activity</p>
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urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

<p>An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.</p>
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Atlantic Slave Trade

the buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas

<p>the buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas</p>
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carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

<p>Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support</p>
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contraception (birth control)

methods of preventing conception

<p>methods of preventing conception</p>
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Diaspora

A dispersion of people from their homeland

<p>A dispersion of people from their homeland</p>
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Distribution

Description of locations on Earth's surface where populations live

<p>Description of locations on Earth's surface where populations live</p>
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Immigration

Migration to a new location

<p>Migration to a new location</p>
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fertility

The production of offspring within a population

<p>The production of offspring within a population</p>
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Forced Migration

Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors.

<p>Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors.</p>
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Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

<p>movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920</p>
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infrastructure

Fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or area, as transportation and communication systems, power plants, and schools

<p>Fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or area, as transportation and communication systems, power plants, and schools</p>
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internally displaced person

Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border

<p>Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border</p>
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Migration

Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.

<p>Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.</p>
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migration stream

the constant flow of migrants from one country into another country

<p>the constant flow of migrants from one country into another country</p>
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population composition

Structure of population in terms of age, sex and other properties such as marital status and education

<p>Structure of population in terms of age, sex and other properties such as marital status and education</p>
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S-curve

a curve that depicts growth; shape of an "S." The leveling off of a J-Curve exponential growth.

<p>a curve that depicts growth; shape of an "S." The leveling off of a J-Curve exponential growth.</p>
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Voluntary Migration

Permanent movement undertaken by choice.

<p>Permanent movement undertaken by choice.</p>
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Pull Factors of Immigration

Reasons to migrate to a new area such as Economic Opportunity ($)

Jobs/ workers were needed

Land

Peace and stability

Freedom to make a better life

<p>Reasons to migrate to a new area such as Economic Opportunity ($)</p><p>Jobs/ workers were needed</p><p>Land</p><p>Peace and stability</p><p>Freedom to make a better life</p>
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degenerative disease

any disease in which deterioration of the structure or function of tissue occurs

<p>any disease in which deterioration of the structure or function of tissue occurs</p>
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Maternal Mortality Rate

The number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births

<p>The number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births</p>
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Internal migration

Migration within national boundaries

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Carrying capacity

The number of people an area can sustain without critically straining its resources

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Forced migration

An individual migrates against their will, including events that produce slaves, refugees, internally displaced persons, and asylum seekers

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Arithmetic population density

Measure of the people within a given area divided by the total land area

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Physiological density

Measure of the number of people per arable land

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Agricultural population density

Measure of the number of farmers per arable land

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Dependency ratio

A measure of the economic impact of younger and older cohorts on the economically productive members of a population

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refugee

Individuals protected by law who cross national boundaries to seek safety from armed conflict or persecution

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Population pyramid

Provides a visual representation of a population in terms of age and sex as well as a good indication of the dependency ratio within a country and is to assess population growth and decline and to predict markets for goods/services

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Rural-urban migration

The movement of people from the countryside to the city which causes two things to happen; increasing proportion of people living in towns and cities and expansion of urban areas

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Chain migration

Immigrants who follow family and/or friends to the same destination

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Life expectancy

Average number of years an infant newborn can expect to live; number varies within countries, cities, ethnicities, sexes, and between MDCs and LDCs.

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Population Distribution

The pattern of people scattered over an area

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Population Density

The number of people within a given area

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Major Population Concentrations

Regions with a high arithmetic density

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Sun Belt

The states in the south and west coast where in the 1960s and 70s , large numbers of white, middle class Americans from older northeastern and Midwest cities

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Immigration Policies

Policies that address the movement of persons across borders

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doubling time

The length of time for a population to double in size

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Aging index

The number of people age 65 and older per 100 children ages 0-14

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Ester Boserup

Theorized that people will find ways to increase food production and improve agricultural methods in times of pressure

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Aging population

An increasing median age in the population due to declining fertility rates/rising life expectancy

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Intervening opportunity

The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away

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Economic Consequences

Slower economic growth, fewer workers to contribute to the tax base, more people collecting pension benefits, increased health care costs

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Ecumene

The habitable parts of the world such as along fertile rivers and plains

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Ethnic cleansing

The effort to rid a country/region of a particular ethnicity either through forced migration or genocide

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Political Consequences

Policy responses to counter the effects of aging population