National Review Quick Summary Cardiology and Medical Review Flashcards

A complete set of vocabulary practice flashcards derived from the National Review Quick Summary lecture notes covering cardiology, pulmonology, neurology, endocrinology, trauma, emergency medicine, and pharmacology.

STEMI

An acute myocardial infarction presenting with ST elevation on an ECG, indicating active myocardial injury based on the specific anatomical area involved.

MOAN

An acronym for initial MI patient treatment: Monitor, Oxygen (maintaining saturation at 90-98%), ASA (160-325 mg), and Nitro (0.3 to 0.4 mg SL).

Reciprocal Changes

ECG findings in acute MI where ST depression with or without T wave inversion is visible in the leads opposite the area showing ST elevation.

Right Atrial Hypertrophy

Right atrial enlargement caused by overgrowth or dilation, identified on an ECG as tall, peaked P waves.

Left Atrial Hypertrophy

Left atrial enlargement caused by overgrowth or dilation, identified on an ECG as a notched P wave resembling an 'M'.

Preload

The volume of blood returning to the heart, reflective of venous tone and end-diastolic volume.

Afterload

Arterial resistance against which the ventricles must pump blood (pulmonary vascular resistance for the right side, systemic vascular resistance for the left side).

Contractility

The inherent strength and vigor of the heart's myocardial contraction during systole.

Inotrope

An agent or factor that influences the force of cardiac contraction.

Chronotrope

An agent or factor that influences heart rate.

Dromotrope

An agent or factor that influences conduction velocity through the AV node.

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

Average arterial pressure during a single cardiac cycle, calculated as $\text{MAP} = \frac{\text{SBP} + 2(\text{DBP})}{3}$, with a normal range of $65\text{--}100\text{ mmHg}$.

Pulse Pressure

The numerical difference between Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP).

S1 (Lub)

Normal heart sound caused by the closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves (AV valves) at the onset of ventricular systole.

S2 (Dub)

Normal heart sound caused by the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves (semilunar valves) at the end of ventricular systole.

S3 Gallop

An abnormal heart sound occurring early in diastole when blood flows into stiff, non-compliant ventricles; classic sign of left ventricular failure.

S4 Gallop

An abnormal heart sound occurring late in diastole during atrial kick when blood flows into stiff, non-compliant ventricles; associated with myocardial ischemia.

Beck's Triad

The classic clinical triad for pericardial tamponade, consisting of distended neck veins, decreased blood pressure, and distant (muffled) heart sounds.

Marfan's Syndrome

A genetic connective tissue disorder presenting with tall stature, long fingers (arachnodactyly), and high risk for aortic aneurysms, spontaneous pneumothorax, and valve insufficiency.

Bohr Effect

The physiological phenomenon where hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily in tissues with elevated hydrogen ion concentration ($\text{[H}^+\text{]}$).

Haldane Effect

The property of hemoglobin where deoxygenation of the blood increases its ability to carry carbon dioxide.

Hering-Breuer Reflex

A protective reflex triggered by stretch receptors in the visceral pleura and bronchiole walls to prevent over-inflation of the lungs.

Boyle's Law

A gas law stating that the pressure of a given mass of gas is inversely proportional to its volume at constant temperature.

Charles's Law

A gas law stating that the volume of a given mass of gas is directly proportional to its temperature at constant pressure.

Dalton's Law

A gas law stating that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas.

Henry's Law

A gas law stating that the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is directly proportional to its partial pressure above the liquid.

Tic Douloureux

Trigeminal neuralgia caused by irritation or compression of Cranial Nerve V, resulting in severe, shooting, electric shock-like facial pain and twitching.

Bell's Palsy

Acute peripheral facial paralysis resulting from inflammation of Cranial Nerve VII (Facial), leading to an inability to close the eye on the affected side.

Wernicke's Encephalopathy

A neurological condition resulting from Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency, presenting with disorientation, ocular motor dysfunction (nystagmus, palsy), and ataxia.

Central Cord Syndrome

A cervical spinal cord injury causing motor weakness predominantly in the upper extremities and hands while maintaining sacral sensory and motor sparing.

Brown-Séquard Syndrome

A spinal cord hemitransection resulting in motor weakness/paralysis on the same side (ipsilateral) as the injury and loss of pain and temperature sensation on the opposite side (contralateral).

Cushing's Triad

A triad of signs indicating increased intracranial pressure: bradycardia, irregular respirations, and a widened pulse pressure.

Monro-Kellie Doctrine

The principle that the rigid skull maintains a fixed internal volume consisting of brain tissue, blood, and CSF, where an increase in one component necessitates a decrease in another.

Multiple Sclerosis

An autoimmune inflammatory disease causing progressive demyelination of nerve fiber myelin sheaths within the brain and spinal cord.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome

An inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy that causes ascending bilateral weakness starting in the lower extremities, which can progress to respiratory failure.

Myasthenia Gravis

A chronic autoimmune disorder where antibodies destroy neuromuscular junction receptors, leading to skeletal muscle weakness, ptosis, diplopia, and dysphagia.

Cushing's Syndrome

An endocrine disorder marked by hypersecretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex, leading to hyperglycemia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, buffalo hump, and moon face.

Addison's Disease

An endocrine disorder caused by adrenal cortical insufficiency, leading to critically low cortisol, severe hypotension, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia, and skin hyperpigmentation.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

An acute metabolic complication of Type 1 diabetes characterized by diuresis, severe dehydration, delirium, Kussmaul respirations, ketotic breath, abdominal pain, and metabolic acidosis.

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

A grave coagulation disorder characterized by systemic microvascular clotting followed by consumption of clotting factors and severe hemorrhage.

Kehr's Sign

Severe left shoulder pain resulting from phrenic nerve irritation caused by blood in the peritoneal cavity, classic for a ruptured spleen.

Murphy's Sign

An arrest of inspiration caused by severe pain upon deep palpation of the right upper quadrant below the costal margin, indicating acute cholecystitis.

Cullen's Sign

Irregularly shaped hemorrhagic patches or ecchymosis surrounding the umbilicus, indicating severe retroperitoneal bleeding or acute pancreatitis.

Grey-Turner's Sign

Bruising or ecchymosis along the flanks, indicating retroperitoneal hemorrhage.

Parkland Formula

A burn fluid resuscitation formula calculating total 24-hour volume as 4\text{ mL} \times \text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{BSA}}}} burned (\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\%}}}}}})} \times \text{weight in kg}, giving half over the first 8 hours.

Commotio Cordis

Sudden cardiac arrest triggered by a direct, non-penetrating blow to the chest wall directly over the left ventricle during the vulnerable repolarization phase of the cardiac cycle.

SALT Protocol

A mass casualty triage algorithm comprised of four steps: Sort, Assess, Lifesaving interventions, and Treatment/Transport.

Malfeasance

The performance of an intentional, unlawful, or illegal act by a healthcare provider.

Misfeasance

The improper performance of a lawful or appropriate medical act in a harmful or negligent manner.

Nonfeasance

The complete failure to perform a mandatory or required legal or professional duty.