Matter, Energy, and Chemical Reactions Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards generated from the chemistry and physics lecture notes on matter, energy, atomic structure, bonding, and chemical reactions.

Matter

Anything that takes up space and has mass.

Energy

The ability to do work, puts matter into motion.

Kinetic Energy

Energy in action.

Potential Energy

Stored energy.

Chemical Energy

Energy stored in chemical bonds.

Electrical Energy

Caused by the movement of charged particles.

Mechanical Energy

Directly involved in moving matter.

Radiant or Electromagnetic Energy

Travels in waves (heat, visible light, ultraviolet light, and x-rays).

Chemical Element

Building blocks of matter; each has unique properties.

Four Major Elements of the Body

Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen, which make up $96\%$ of the body.

Atoms

Unique building blocks for each element.

Protons

Subatomic particles located inside the nucleus with a positive charge and a mass of $1\,\text{amu}$.

Neutrons

Subatomic particles located inside the nucleus with no charge and a mass of $1\,\text{amu}$.

Electrons

Subatomic particles orbiting the nucleus in the electron cloud with a negative charge and no mass.

Atomic Mass

The mass of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

Atomic Number

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Isotope

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

Radioisotopes

Unstable isotopes that decay and give off radiation.

Molecule

Two or more atoms bonded together.

Compound

Two or more DIFFERENT atoms bonded together.

Relationship Between Molecules and Compounds

All compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds.

Mixtures

Two or more substances that are physically combined.

Solutions

Homogeneous mixtures, made of solvents and solutes.

Colloids

Homogeneous mixtures where particles can't dissolve, and eventually settle.

Suspensions

Homogeneous mixtures where particles can't dissolve, but don't settle.

Electrons in Chemical Bonding

Valence shells will lose, share, or gain electrons to achieve stability.

Ionic Bonding

An atom gains or loses electrons and becomes charged.

Anion

An ion with a negative charge.

Cation

An ion with a positive charge.

Covalent Bonds

Created by sharing two or more valence shell electrons.

Hydrogen Bonds

Weak attraction between a positive hydrogen atom and a negative hydrogen atom.

Polar involves unequal sharing of electrons (neg or pos); nonpolar involves equal sharing of electrons (balanced).

Polar vs Nonpolar

Synthesis Reaction

Two or more atoms/molecules combine to form a larger substance ($A + B \rightarrow AB$).

Decomposition Reaction

A compound is broken down into two or more simpler products ($AB \rightarrow A + B$).

Exchange Reaction

Bonds are both combined and broken, atoms become combined with different atoms ($AB + CD \rightarrow AD + CB$).

Irreversibility of Chemical Reactions

the amount of energy required, and the products released due to reaction.

Factors Increasing Rate of Chemical Reactions

High temp, high concentration of particles, small particle size, catalysts.