Organic Chemistry Flashcards

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering Introduction to Organic Chemistry, bonding rules, classifications, functional groups, and types of reactions based on course SPH1203.

What is the course code for the Organic Chemistry lecture?

SPH1203

Who are the two lecturers listed for the SPH1203 course?

Nik Nur Shamiha Nik Dzulkefli and Norfazrin Mohd Hanif

What is the title of Chapter 1 in the course syllabus?

Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Which element is the primary component of organic compounds, and what are the other most common elements?

Carbon is the primary component; others include hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and the halogens.

What type of chemical bonding is present in organic compounds?

Covalent bonding

According to bonding rules, how many bonds should a Carbon ($C$) atom have?

$$4$$

According to bonding rules, how many bonds should a Nitrogen ($N$) atom have?

$$3$$

According to bonding rules, how many bonds should an Oxygen ($O$) atom have?

$$2$$

According to bonding rules, how many bonds should Hydrogen ($H$) and Halogens ($X$) have?

$$1$$

How are saturated acyclic compounds defined?

Open chain compounds in which carbon atoms of the parent chain are bonded with single bonds.

What are unsaturated acyclic compounds?

Open chain organic compounds in which the parent chain contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds or triple bonds.

What defines an alicyclic compound?

An organic compound that is both aliphatic and cyclic, containing one or more all-carbon rings that may be saturated or unsaturated but lack aromatic character.

Which molecule is considered the parent aromatic hydrocarbon?

Benzene

What is a benzenoid compound?

An organic compound containing one or more isolated or fused benzene rings and their functionalized derivatives.

Define alicyclic heterocyclic compounds.

Aliphatic cyclic compounds containing one or more hetero atoms in their ring.

Define aromatic heterocyclic compounds.

Aromatic cyclic compounds containing one or more hetero atoms in their molecules.

What is the definition of a functional group?

An atom or group of atoms within a molecule that shows a characteristic set of physical and chemical properties.

What are the three main reasons functional groups are important?

1. They divide organic compounds into classes; 2. They are the sites of characteristic chemical reactions; 3. They are the basis for naming organic compounds.

What is the general formula for alcohols?

$C_nH_{2n+1}OH$ or $C_nH_{2n+2}O$

How are alcohols classified as primary ($1^{\circ}$), secondary ($2^{\circ}$), or tertiary ($3^{\circ}$)?

Based on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the carbon bearing the $-OH$ (hydroxyl) group.

What is the general formula for amines?

$$C_nH_{2n+1}NH_2$$

How are amines classified according to nitrogen bonding?

An amine may be $1^{\circ}$, $2^{\circ}$, or $3^{\circ}$ depending on whether nitrogen is bonded to one, two, or three carbon atoms.

What functional group is common to both aldehydes and ketones?

The carbonyl ($C=O$) group.

What is the systematic name for Acetaldehyde?

Ethanal

What is the systematic name for Acetone?

2-propanone

What is the general formula for aldehydes and ketones?

$$C_nH_{2n}O$$

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

The carboxyl ($-COOH$) group.

What are the general formulas for carboxylic acids?

$C_nH_{2n}O_2$ or $C_nH_{2n+1}COOH$

What is the systematic name for Acetic acid?

Ethanoic acid

Define a carboxylic ester.

A derivative of a carboxylic acid in which the carboxyl hydrogen is replaced by a carbon group.

What is the general formula for carboxylic esters?

$$C_nH_{2n}O_2$$

What is a carboxylic amide?

A derivative of a carboxylic acid in which the $-OH$ of the $-COOH$ group is replaced by an amine.

What is the general formula for carboxylic amides (primary)?

$$C_nH_{2n+1}CONH_2$$

What is the systematic name for ethyl acetate?

Methyl ethanoate

Define electronegativity.

A measure of the force of an atom’s attraction of electrons that it shares in a chemical bond with another atom.

What is an electrophile?

A species (ion or molecule) which attacks by a negatively charged carbon atom by accepting an electron pair; also known as a Lewis acid.

What is a nucleophile?

A species (ion or molecule) that attacks a positively charged carbon atom by donating an electron pair to form a dative covalent bond; also known as a Lewis base.

What are electron-deficient sites?

Regions of low electron density ($\delta+$).

List three examples of neutral nucleophiles.

$H_2O$, $R-OH$, and $NH_3$

List three examples of cationic electrophiles.

$H^+$ (or $H_3O^+$), $NO_2^+$ (nitronium ion), and $Cl^+$

What are the four general types of organic reactions?

Substitutions, Additions, Eliminations, and Rearrangements.

What occurs during a substitution reaction?

One group replaces another; it is the characteristic reaction of saturated compounds and aromatic compounds.

What occurs during an addition reaction?

Two molecules become one; all parts of the adding reagent appear in the product. This is characteristic of compounds with multiple bonds.

What occurs during an elimination reaction?

One molecule loses the elements of another small molecule, often used to prepare compounds with double and triple bonds.

What is dehydrohalogenation?

A specific elimination reaction where the elements of a hydrogen halide are removed from an alkyl halide to become an alkene.

What occurs during a rearrangement reaction?

A molecule undergoes a reorganization of its constituent parts, such as positions of double bonds or atoms changing.

What is the percentage weight of the Final Exam in the SPH1203 assessment?

$$50\%$$

What is the percentage weight of the Mid Term Exam in the SPH1203 assessment?

$$20\%$$

How many quizzes are scheduled for the SPH1203 course according to the assessment details?

$5$ quizzes

What is the total weight of the assignment and practical components combined?

$15\%$ ($5\%$ for Assignment and $10\%$ for Practical)