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Chattel Slavery
Owning someone and having the right to sell and buy someone.
Encomiendas
In south and middle America, conquistadors received encomiendas from the crown which allowed them to amass wealth in goods and land. This led to the monopolization of labor and was popularized after the discovery of gold and silver.
Columbian Exchange
An exchange of people, things and diseases which was one of the factors that led to indigenous peoples population declining. Slaves were brought in from Africa, crops like cacao and potatoes were brought to Europe
Spanish Armada
In 1588, the defeat of the Armada marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Empire, and ensured England’s naval dominance.
Mercantilism
Used to allow colonizers like England and France to gain a favorable balance of trade by using their colonies in the Americas. A form of economic nationalism that sought to increase the prosperity and power of a nation through restrictive trade practices. Its goal was to increase the supply of a state's gold/silver with exports and to support domestic employment.
Jamestown
The first official settlement in the New World.
John Rolfe
He was a settler at Jamestown (married to Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia’s economy boom.
Powhattan
They were the first Indian tribes to make contact with the English settlers at Jamestown Colony in 1607. Subject to raids from the Iroquois and the Dutch stealing land
House of Burgesses
The Place of Burgesses was the principal chosen administration in the colonies, in Virginia in 1619. It was in charge of enacting colonial laws and establishing taxes and was composed of two representatives from each of the eleven districts in the colony.
Royal Colony
a colony where the monarchy was in full control.
Lord Baltimore
A tobacco colony grew under catholic aristocrat Lord Baltimore. It became a refuge for persecuted catholics, laws were put in place to ensure religious tolerance. The settlers wanted legislation, which Baltimore granted, however there was some religious conflict growing. The toleration act of 1649 granted catholics the right to practice their beliefs.
Headright System
In Virginia, gave out 50 acres to anyone that brought servants to the colony.
Indentured Servitude
Mostly in exchange for passage against the Atlantic, indentured servants would work almost as slaves in order to pay off their debt for 7 years. Most indentured servants died before they were freed and were abused.
Samuel de Champlain
In 1608 Samuel de Champlain founded the fur trading post of Quebec. Mink, otter and beaver were in high demand in Europe and traders got them in exchange for manufactured goods. He also came up with the first accurate map of the coast in Canada and helped set up many settlements.
Henry Hudson
In 1609 Henry Hudson was sent to find a route to the East Indies but he found the Hudson river and its lucrative fur trading. This led to the hiring of the West India Company by the Dutch government to set up New Amsterdam, which failed.
New Amsterdam
New Amsterdam but the colony failed because of its small population. To make up for this, the company granted huge estates to wealthy Dutch men. The Dutch took land from the Algonquian people, who retaliated and destroyed most of the colony. It then became under English control.
Puritans
Cult-y religious and were very extreme (scarlet letter), settled in the New England region. What differed them from other settlers is they came in families and instituted public education.
John Winthrop
Winthrop became the first governor of the Massachusetts bay colony after leading 900 people to settle in America and escape ‘morally corrupt’ England. Winthrop and others created a representative political system out of their joint-stock corporation. Puritanism became the religion supported by the state and power went to the congregation of the people instead of bishops, with church going men having the right to vote.
“City Upon a Hill”
Puritans would spread religious righteousness, following Winthrop’s principles on Christianity should be. They wanted the Massachusetts Bay colony to be an example to the world.
Joint-Stock Corporation
England was able to become a major player in the colonization of the New World thanks to joint stock companies. Without business entities, the English might not have been capable (or able) to bear to make the thirteen states. Additionally, joint stock companies were used for trade.
Roger Williams
Was a separatist leader and the founder of Rhode Island. He is best remembered for his advocacy of religious freedom and separation of church and state, and experienced backlash (banishment) with his idea that the Indians were the owners of the lands, not the King of England.
Anne Hutchinson
She held weekly prayer meetings that denounced the idea that good deds were the way to salvation and preached that there was only a select few predestined to go to heaven. She was resented because of her ideals and gender, and she was banished for heretical views in 1637.
Pequot War
The violence started in July 1636 with the killing of a trader and increased until May 1637 when Massachusetts and Connecticut with their Indian allies attacked a Pequot village, killing 500 people. The aftermath included the dividing up of the Pequots land and driving them out. Effect was an increase in the Puritans belief that they were god chosen after the Pequots started dying of smallpox.
Metacom’s War
Metacom (aka King Phillip) thought coexistence would be impossible, as they had tension with the Puritans (pork prices)F. In 1675 the Wampanoags leader created an alliance with the Narragansetts and Nipmucks and they started attacking settlements. It ended in 1676 when native warriors ran out of gunpowder and Metacom was killed by Mohegan and Mohawk warriors that were hired. The wars destroyed ⅕ of settlements but ¼ of Indians died because of famine and overall death. Surviving natives joined French allied tribes.
William Berkeley
William Berkeley governed from 1642 and 1652 and again after 1660, consolidating power through the gifting of land and making members of his council exempt from taxes. He also bought off legislators in the House of Burgesses. He played a role in Bacon’s Rebellion.
Bacon’s Rebellion
Virginia had a rebellion sparked by native americans spreading suspicion about the colony’s royal governor. Nathaniel Bacon became the leader of the rebels and was in the governor's council. Berkeley the governor was a part of the planter elite had Bacon arrested for mutiny after he attacked Indians for Berkeley's refusal to give him military commission. He was released after his army demanded it. The house of Burgess stripped some power from the governor and gave voting rights to landless men.
Elizabeth Key
protested for her freedom in 1656 as her mother was a slave and her father was an englishman
Ideas that a child’s nationality and legal status came from the mother was new and went against the patriarchal ideals
Francis Drake
an Elizabethan ‘sea dog’ that disrupted Spanish shipping to Manila. He completed the first English circumnavigation around the globe with his ship, the Golden Hind.
King Philip and Spain
Philip sent the Spanish Armada against England in 1588 to restore the Roman church in England and Holland but failed.
He spent American gold on religious wars through taxes which led to 200,000+ people emigrating to America. He died in 1598, leaving the country in an economic decline.
England’s population and outwork textile industry grew. Mercantilism grew, reducing imports and increasing exports through textiles.
Mercantilism led to colonization overseas
Jamestown settlement
1606 King James I granted the Virginia company of London the land from north carolina to new york
The first group was solely men who died off quickly because they refused to plant crops. Only half of the second group sent survived
the Powhahatan wanted to become allies with the settlers and get tribute from the english.
indian tribes and the jamestown settlers
in exchange for corn, tribes were gifted guns. The chief also married off his daughter Pocahontas
A war began when colonists realized they could take the Indian lands and make a large profit from tobacco.
Virginia company and land ownership
The Virginia company allowed any freeman who brought servants 100 acres of land free. In 1619 the House of Burgesses made laws that created taxes. In 1622 landownership and self-government was implemented under the watch of England.
The Indian war of 1622
Opechancanough (powhatan’s younger brother) first attacked the settlers in 1607. In 1622, he launched a surprise attack that included 12 chiefdoms and that killed ⅓ of the settler population. The captured warriors were sold into slavery and Virginia became a royal colony in 1624 as a result of the uprising.
side effect of being a royal colony
the church was established and residents had to pay taxes to the clergy
Lord Baltimore settles Catholics in Maryland
Another tobacco colony grew under catholic aristocrat lord Baltimore. It became a refuge for persecuted Catholics. Laws were put in place to ensure religious tolerance.
The settlers wanted legislation, which Baltimore granted, however there was some religious conflict growing. The toleration act of 1649 granted Catholics the right to practice their beliefs.
St. Christopher (Kitts)
settlement in 1624 for growing cash crops
Thomas Warner, who established the settlement allowed the French to also settle there so they would defend their land from the Spanish.
The settlers had driven out most natives within a few years and there was also a Spanish attack which led to policies about mutual occupation
The 1640s was where sugar cultivation in places like Brazil boomed.
plantation life and the granting of land
Farms started off as freeholds (30-50 acres). In Virginia the head right system gave out 50 acres to anyone that brought servants to the colony.
Demand for tobacco rose in Europe and the Americas supplied it. The prices of land rose in Barbados drove out smaller farmers, creating a monopoly for large sugar plantations.
growth in population of african slavesw
In 1690, blacks outnumbered whites in Barbados and there was the first slave legislation in 1661.
Some slaves were freed as they got baptized, some paid for their freedom and the English common law didn’t recognize chattel slavery so it was possible for slaves to be freed.
As the number of slave imports increased, society became more race-conscious. The Virginia House of Burgesses forbade blacks to participate in religion and slavery became hereditary.
main cities in neo-European colonies
New France, New Netherland and New England
the formation of new france
In the 1530s Jacques Cartier claimed the upper region of the St. Lawrence River for France. In 1608 Samuel de Champlain founded the fur trading post of Quebec. Mink, otter and beaver were in high demand in Europe and traders got them in exchange for manufactured goods.
The Huron tribes became the focus for missionary activity but it failed when the Chritstian god couldn’t protect them from diseases.
new France
In 1662 it became a royal colony by King Louis XIV with more generous indentured servant terms. However, not many people settled there because of the harsh weather.
Explorers and fur traders gained territory stretching to the Mississippi river. In honor of King Louis, the region was named Louisiana and New Orleans was established.
the formation of new netherland
1609 Henry Hudson was sent to find a route to the East Indies but he found the Hudson river and its lucrative fur trading
1621 the Dutch government hired the West India Company to set up New Amsterdam but the colony failed because of its small population. To make up for this, the company granted huge estates to wealthy Dutch men
The Dutch took land from the Algonquian people, who retaliated and destroyed most of the colony. New Neatherland became New York, which was under English control
Rise of the Iroquois
The five nations had obtained guns from fur trading and after a smallpox epidemic in 1633 they started wars with the Hurons (1649), Neutrals (1651), Eries (1657) and Susquehannocks (1660) who all spoke the same language. Known as the Beaver wars, they attacked colonies all the way up to Quebec.
Many of the raids committed were against the Algonquian people, who were allied with the French.
war with new Frane
In the 1660s New France waged war
the Mohawks were the last to admit defeat in 1667
the five nations had to accept missionaries and the iroquois converted to catholicism and moved to the st Lawrence valley
the Iroquois that stayed in New York created an alliance with the englishmen
new england settling
In 1620, English Protestants settled in Plymouth who came in family groups, much different from previous settlers who were mostly young men
the balanced sex ratio led to a steadily growing population and the creation of an independent farm family society.
the pilgrims
They were religious separatists that left the church of England. They lacked a royal charter on the Mayflower and became a self-governing religious congregation.
The journey was rough and half of the initial settlers died due to the diseases and the harsh winter
1629
King Charles I dissolved Parliament and claimed to rule with ‘divine right’
John Winthrop
the first governor of the Massachusetts bay colony after leading 900 people to settle in America and escape ‘morally corrupt’ England. Winthrop and others created a representative political system out of their joint-stock corporation. However the right to vote and hold office was held by exclusively church going men. Puritanism became the religion supported by the state and power went to the congregation of the people instead of bishops.
1644 Massachusettes Bay
settlers gained a corporate charter from parliament to create the new colony of rhode island, where there was religious freedom
Puritan revolution in England
5 years after the church of england forced the prayer book on scotland, a scottish army invaded england, joined by english puritans.
Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell won the war and in 1649 king Charles I was executed and a commonwealth with republican ideals was proclaimed. However it became a dictatorship in 1653. Cromwell died in 1658 and with Charles II taking the throne 2 years later, there was no radical protestant government.
Puritans and witchcraft
Puritans believed the world was full of supernatural forces and accused women that had ‘an unruly spirit’ as witches. Salem in 1692 was the most prominent witch hunting period.
salem witch trials
7 girls experienced seizures and accused their neighbors of practicing witchcraft. 175 people were tried for witchcraft and 19 of them were executed, which caused mass hysteria. 18/19 were women and it’s believed this was used as a Puritan effort of making women inferior. There were also Indian attacks and political instability at the time that could have played a role in the accusations and trials. Salem then forbade legal prosecution for witchcraft as the enlightenment happened and there were explanations for sudden deaths.
Yeoman society 1630-1700
There was a rejection of feudal ideals and colonies like Connecticut gave land to settlers. Town meetings became somewhat of a local government where adult men would voice their opinions. Average farmers had more power than in Europe and they could decide the use of common fields and taxes.
reasons for so much war and rebellion in the colonies
creating social norms and how legitimate leaders’ rise to power was were most of the reasons for conflict.
New England’s indian wars
Rival Indian groups lived near the Dutch colonies and made various alliances for trade and defense.
Wampanoags with Plymouth
Mohegans with Massachusetts and Connecticut
Pequots with New Netherland
Narragansetts with Rhode Island
effects of the Puritan-Pequot war
These events in addition to smallpox fueled the Puritans idea that they were god’s chosen people and meant to take the native’s land. They believed that the church should accept everyone but when it came to getting into heaven, they believed in predestination.
John Elliot translated the bible into algonquian and about 1,000 Indians lived in settlements in 1670.
frontier war
Most natives lived on treaty guaranteed land that was now wanted by poor former servants that demanded natives be exterminated. In 1675 a group of Virginan men murdered 30 Indians. After 5 leaders that came to negotiate were killed, the Susquehanocks retaliated by killing 300 settlers. Berkely responded with frontier forts to defend settlements but settlers saw this as useless in a time of economic crisis.
nathaniel bacon
became the leader of the rebels and was in the governor's council. Berekly had Bacon arrested for mutiny after he attacked Indians for Berkeley's refusal to give him military commission. He was released after his army demanded it. The house of Burgess stripped some power from the governor and gave voting rights to landless men.
Bacon felt like this reform was too late and burned down Jamestown and plundered plantations. After Bacon died in Oct 1676, the governor dispersed the rebel army.
Tensions within freed populations subsided and slaves became exploited even more.
Charles II
got power over the islands of Bombay in 1662 after his marriage. A year later, he let 8 noblemen settle in Carolina, which had been previously claimed by Spain. He gave the colony of New Netherland to his brother the Duke of York. Charles also gave Pennsylvania to William Penn in 1681. This drove out the Dutch from North America and infringed on Spain’s territory.
Restoration Colonies
the Carolinas, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware in North America given by King Charles II of England, established during the Restoration of the English crown.
Society of Friends
Quakers were a Protestant that wanted to restore the simplicity and spirituality of early Christianity, Pennsylvania being a refuge for them. Their beliefs included: spiritual equality for men and women, pacifism and condemnation of slavery (they wouldn’t allow their members to own slaves).
William Penn
King Charles also gave Pennsylvania to William Penn in 1681. Penn was a Quaker and set up the land as a refuge for other Quakers because they refused to pay taxes that went to the Church of England and serve in the military. In 1682, his approach to the Indians, which was encouraged to the colonists , was to ‘sit downe lovingly’. Penn’s Frame of Government was established in 1681, led to Pennsylvania being the most open Restoration Colony as it had ethnic diversity and promoted pacifism.
Navigation Acts (1651-1751)
The Navigation Acts ensured that trade in the colonies was in favor of the British and raw materials to only be imported to Britain in English ships. The Navigation Act of 1651 counteracted French and Dutch ships trading by only allowing ships to be owned by colonists or the English.
Dominion of New England
In 1686, the Lords of Trade revoked the charters of R.I and Connecticut and consolidated the colonies with MBC and Plymouth to form the Dominion of New England, a royal province, adding New York and New Jersey later on. This led to greater control of the colonies.
Sir Edmund Andros
The appointed governor of the Dominion of New England, a former military officer. His goal was to reduce colonial autonomy.
The Glorious Revolution
King James II was overthrown, by Protestant leaders that belonged to the Whig Party sent an army led by a Protestant Dutch prince. Made England a constitutional monarchy with an empire of commerce.
Declaration of Rights (1689)
The Whig Party made King William and Queen Mary accept the Declaration of Rights and add powers to the House of Commons. The declaration gave rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently.
Constitutional Monarchy
Monarchies are ruled by Kings/Queens but are limited in their rule because of a constitution.
South Atlantic System
The South Atlantic system supplied tropical products to international markets, creating an interconnected world. The suppliers were European planter-merchants that owned hundreds of enslaved Africans.
West Indies
The south Atlantic system center was in Brazil and the West Indies, with sugar being the primary export. English traders sold slaves in the West Indies 4-5x times more than they paid, which boosted the slave trade and restored the British economy.
Middle Passage
The journey taken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies or to the colonies. The conditions for slaves were terrible and many died on the way there.
“Killer Crops”
Sugar and rice, called that because of the brutal labor to harvest them.
The Stono Rebellion
In Feb 1739, over 69 slaves escaped to St. Augustine after the governor of Spanish Florida promised freedom. In September, 75 slaves revolted and killed their owners near the Stono river. However, half of them were killed when the South Carolina militia arrived.
Chesapeake Gentility
An elegant style of living and manners that came to be highly prized among English families after 1600, Chesapeake displayed dominance through gentility.
Bills of Exchange
There was no currency so American merchants used bills of exchange. West Indies sent sugar to England, they got these bills as a result, which would buy slaves in Africa or pay back North Americans for their service and goods, who bought British textiles. The currency stimulated the economy.
Salutary Neglect
Encouraged British customs officials to allow American merchants to break the laws of the Navigation Acts as long as trade prospered. Leaders in the colonies argued that royal governors abused their power and in turn they built more representative assemblies.
Sir Robert Walpole
Sir Robert Walpole, the Whig leader in the House of Commons for 22 years. His policies (including patronage) weakened the legitimacy in political systems and salutary neglect was an effect of the system created by him.
Patronage
The practice of giving officers and salaries to political allies.
The War on Jenkins’s Ear (1739-41)
In 1732 there was a parliamentary subsidy given to Georgia by Walpole to protect the economy built on rice in South Carolina. However this angered the Spanish and they retaliated by seizing illegal traders and hurt the British sea captain Robert Jenkins.
Then there was a war declared against Spain. The capture of St. Augustine failed because of South Carolina and their hesitancy to provide militia units after what happened in the Stono rebellion. Tropical diseases and the war killed over 22,500 soldiers in Cartagena.
War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48)
Starting during the war of England vs. Spain, France tried to steal British sugar islands during it. Louisbourg was captured in 1745 by New England militias, which guarded the entrance to the St.Lawrence river. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) gave Louisbourg back to France. The Puritans disliked this since they didn’t like their Catholic neighbors in Quebec.
Molasses Act (1733)
There was a tax imposed on French molasses because Americans were trading with British rivals, but it just led to smuggling and bribes to officials.
society of friends
Quakers were a Protestant that wanted to restore the simplicity and spirituality of early Christianity, Pennsylvania being a refuge for them. Their beliefs included: spiritual equality for men and women, pacifism and condemnation of slavery (they wouldn’t allow their members to own slaves).
William Penn
King Charles also gave Pennsylvania to William Penn in 1681. Penn was a Quaker and set up the land as a refuge for other Quakers because they refused to pay taxes that went to the Church of England and serve in the military. In 1682, his approach to the Indians, which was encouraged to the colonists , was to ‘sit downe lovingly’. Penn’s Frame of Government was established in 1681, led to Pennsylvania being the most open Restoration Colony as it had ethnic diversity and promoted pacifism.
Navigation Acts (1651-1751)
The Navigation Acts ensured that trade in the colonies was in favor of the British and raw materials to only be imported to Britain in English ships. The Navigation Act of 1651 counteracted French and Dutch ships trading by only allowing ships to be owned by colonists or the English.
Dominion of New England
In 1686, the Lords of Trade revoked the charters of R.I and Connecticut and consolidated the colonies with MBC and Plymouth to form the Dominion of New England, a royal province, adding New York and New Jersey later on. This led to greater control of the colonies.
Sir Edmund Andros
The appointed governor of the Dominion of New England, a former military officer. His goal was to reduce colonial autonomy.
The Glorious Revolution
King James II was overthrown, by Protestant leaders that belonged to the Whig Party sent an army led by a Protestant Dutch prince. Made England a constitutional monarchy with an empire of commerce.
Declaration of Rights (1689)
The Whig Party made King William and Queen Mary accept the Declaration of Rights and add powers to the House of Commons. The declaration gave rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently.
Constitutional Monarchy
Monarchies are ruled by Kings/Queens but are limited in their rule because of a constitution.
South Atlantic System
The South Atlantic system supplied tropical products to international markets, creating an interconnected world. The suppliers were European planter-merchants that owned hundreds of enslaved Africans.
West Indies
The south atlantic system center was in Brazil and the West Indies, with sugar being the primary export. English traders sold slaves in the West Indies 4-5x times more than they paid, which boosted the slave trade and restored the British economy.
Middle Passage
The journey taken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies or to the colonies. The conditions for slaves were terrible and many died on the way there.
“Killer Crops”
Sugar and rice, called that because of the brutal labor to harvest them.
The Stono Rebellion
In Feb 1739, over 69 slaves escaped to St. Augustine after the governor of Spanish Florida promised freedom. In September, 75 slaves revolted and killed their owners near the Stono river. However, half of them were killed when the South Carolina militia arrived.
Chesapeake Gentility
An elegant style of living and manners that came to be highly prized among English families after 1600, Chesapeake displayed dominance through gentility.
Bills of Exchange
There was no currency so American merchants used bills of exchange. West Indies sent sugar to England, they got these bills as a result, which would buy slaves in Africa or pay back North Americans for their service and goods, who bought British textiles. The currency stimulated the economy.
Salutary Neglect
Encouraged British customs officials to allow American merchants to break the laws of the Navigation Acts as long as trade prospered. Leaders in the colonies argued that royal governors abused their power and in turn they built more representative assemblies.
Sir Robert Walpole
Sir Robert Walpole, the Whig leader in the House of Commons for 22 years. His policies (including patronage) weakened the legitimacy in political systems and salutary neglect was an effect of the system created by him.
Patronage
The practice of giving officers and salaries to political allies.
The War on Jenkins’s Ear (1739-41)
In 1732 there was a parliamentary subsidy given to Georgia by Walpole to protect the economy built on rice in South Carolina. However this angered the Spanish and they retaliated by seizing illegal traders and hurt the British sea captain Robert Jenkins.
Then there was a war declared against Spain. The capture of St. Augustine failed because of South Carolina and their hesitancy to provide militia units after what happened in the Stono rebellion. Tropical diseases and the war killed over 22,500 soldiers in Cartagena.
Note 
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