I.D. Terms Period 3-4

Pontiac’s Rebellion

• Rebellion started in 1763 by a loose confederation of Native Americans in the Great Lakes region immediately after the French and Indian War. Multiple Indian nations joined together to try and drive British soldiers and settlers out of the region.

• To establish peaceful relations, the British passed the Proclamation of 1763 banning the colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Virtual Representation

• The idea that the members of Parliament reserved the right to speak for the interests of all British subjects rather than for the interests of only the district that elected them or for the regions

• Since only about 1/3 of Englishmen had voting rights, virtual representation established that representatives in Parliament represented all of the English Empire and voting was not critical to the concept of representation.

• The difference in representative ideas between England and the colonies will be most evident in the phrase “no taxation without representation.”

Proclamation of 1763

• Act passed by Britain prohibiting colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains

• Was a direct response from the British to Pontiac’s rebellion and the costly venture of the rebellion specifically right after the French and Indian War.

• Created colonial anger specifically from those colonists residing in the western areas of the northern colonies.

Iroquois Confederation

• Also called the Iroquois League or Five Nations, these tribes accepted The Great Law of Peace

  that allowed them to work together to better themselves.

• They were a major power broker in New York through the Ohio Valley up until their breakup after the Revolutionary War. They were mainly independent of

  both the French and British.

• Would often fight “mourning wars” where the captives would be taken into the Iroquois tribe.

Stamp Act Congress

• This was a reaction to the Stamp Act which required the colonists to purchase stamps for bills, newspapers, pamphlets, and other business and legal documents.

• 9 of the 13 colonies sent representatives to meet in New York to discuss what action should be taken against the Stamp Act.

• It adopted a declaration of rights which included the first written list of demands and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

• It formed a group known as The Association which helped enforce non-importation agreements and successfully got the Stamp Act repealed in 1766

Boston Tea party

• A political protest on December 16, 1773, at Griffin's Wharf in Boston, Massachusetts where American colonists, angry at Britain for imposing “taxation without representation,” dumped 342 chests of tea, imported by the British East India Company into the harbor.

• This protest was a response to the Tea Act of 1773 which gave the British East India Team company a monopoly to sell tea in the colonies thus undermining the colonial tea smugglers.

• The Boston Tea Party led to England passing the Coercive Acts (called the Intolerable Acts in the colonies) which furthered the idea of the necessity of independence.

Boston Massacre

• This was a reaction to the increased taxes imposed by the Townshend Acts and the presence of British Troops stationed in Boston.

• On March 5, 1770, a crowd of angry colonists were protesting (often throwing fruit, snowballs, sticks, and rocks) outside of the Boston Customs House (tax collection house)

• The engagement left 5 colonists dead and others wounded. John Adams successfully defended the British soldiers and won the acquittal of Captain Thomas Preston. This case was the first case where reasonable doubt was used as a defense.

Committees of Correspondence

• Groups or governments established by various towns or assemblies of the American colonies to exchange information with each other, mold public opinion, and take joint action against the British.

• Committees of Correspondence were an important step in the continuing unification of the colonies and were helpful in enforcing boycotts of various English goods.

Sons of Liberty

• American patriots such as Sam Adams, John Hancock, and Paul Revere, this group used both violent and non-violent means to harass British officials and loyalists and protest against British rule.

• Both the Sons and Daughters of Liberty would organize boycotts and nonimportation agreements against British goods while the Daughters of Liberty would often hold spinning bees to make the cloth that was being boycotted.

Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

• A series of essays written by John Dickinson that helped turn colonial opinion against the Townshend Acts. All essays were signed simply, A Farmer.

• He argues that Parliament had the authority to regulate trade but only the colonists could pass taxes for raising revenue.

1st Continental Congress

• In response to the Parliament's enactment of the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts, 12 of the 13 colonies met in Philadelphia in 1774 to discuss a unified response. A group known as the Association was created to enforce the boycotts. This was another major step in colonial unification.

• This Congress agreed to boycott British goods until the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts were repealed, and issued a Declaration of Rights, affirming its loyalty to the British Crown but disputing the British Parliament’s right to tax the colonies.

2nd Continental Congress

• Meeting of all 13 colonies in 1775 in which the Continental Congress took over the duties of a functioning federal government.

• This Congress established a Continental Army, printed paper continental currency (continentals), recommended that the colonies draft new constitutions, pursued an alliance with France, and drafted a Declaration of Independence.

Articles of Confederation

• The agreement of the original 13 colonies was to create a federal government in which each state would be represented equally and the federal government would be significantly limited in its power.

• The government was created during the Revolutionary War out of the belief that a stronger government was needed to defeat Britain.

• Major accomplishments under the Articles were the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. Major weaknesses included an

  inability to tax, couldn’t regulate foreign or interstate commerce, and no executive or judicial branches.

John Locke

• English philosopher during the Enlightenment, Locke believed that government was formed through a social contract that involved the consent of the governed and that government was responsible for protecting individuals’ life, liberty, and property.

• John Locke's most famous works are An Essay Concerning Human Understanding in which he put forth his theory that humans were born tabula rasa (blank slate) and Two Treatises of Government where he developed his ideas of social contract and humans’ natural rights of life, liberty, and property.

Bill of Rights

• Written by James Madison as a means of quelling the Antifederalist fears that the new federal government under the Constitution would not be oppressive of the states’ or peoples’ rights.

• The first 10 amendments to the Constitution protect three categories of human rights, 1. Right of conscience, 2. Rights of the accused, and 3. Rights of property.

• The first 10 amendments are predominantly “negative rights” or limitations on federal power.

Adam Smith

• Scottish economist, known as the father of modern economics, who was famous for arguing against the theory of mercantilism.

• In his book, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), Smith proposed the idea of an invisible hand which described how free-markets were self-regulating based on 3 economic laws. 1. Law of competition 2. Law of supply and demand 3. Law of self-interest.

• In his book, The Wealth of Nations, (1776). Adam Smith stated that humans were self-serving by nature but that as long as every individual were to seek the fulfillment of her/his own self-interest, the material needs of the whole society would be met.

Hamilton’s Financial Plan ( resumption/national bank/tariffs)

• Alexander Hamilton, as Secretary of the Treasury, proposed a series of ideas for how to make the new country under the Constitution financially stable and give the federal government the power and authority to bind the states together.

• In his Report of Public Credit Hamilton argued that the federal government should assume all of the state debts thereby linking the citizenry to the federal government.

• Hamilton also argued for the creation of a national bank that would establish a universal currency and the use of tariffs to raise revenue and potentially stimulate the growth of American manufacturing.

Proclamation of Neutrality

• Issued by George Washington in 1793, this declared out neutrality in the war between France and Britain. Washington felt the United States was too weak to enter another war so quickly after the Revolution.

• This pleased Hamilton who was pro-British specifically as a trading partner and angered Thomas Jefferson who felt that we had an obligation to aid France since they had helped us win our independence. Jefferson will resign his position as secretary of state because of this.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

• 1794, the final battle in the Northwest Indian Wars. Upon losing, the Indians were forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 which effectively gave the Americans control of the Northwest Territory.

Shays’ Rebellion

• Uprising in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787. Led by Daniel Shays, former Revolutionary War soldier and farmer over high taxes on land in an economic downtime. They closed down the courts to prevent foreclosures and forced payment of debt.

• Major concerns were farm foreclosures, debtors’ prisons, poll taxes, and the desire for paper currency

• The uprising convinced many of the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and the need for a stronger federal government.

Alien and Sedition Acts

• Passed by the Federalist Congress in anticipation of the Quasi-War with France, the Alien Act increased the naturalization period (time you have to live in the US before becoming a citizen) from 5 to 14 years and allowed the deportation of non-citizens for behaving suspiciously or if they were from a country the US was at war with. The sedition acts criminalized harsh or malicious speech against the US government which was a significant challenge to free speech.

• The sedition acts were often used against Democratic-Republican newspapers that were critical of John Adams and the Federalists

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

• James Madison and Thomas Jefferson drafted these responses in secret to the Alien and Sedition Acts

• Virginia Resolutions- Madison argued that a state had a right to interpose (act as a buffer between the Federal government and the citizen and therefore should not enforce these acts because they infringed on the 1st amendment right of free speech/press

• Kentucky Resolutions- Jefferson took a stronger step saying that a state had the right to cancel, repeal, or nullify a federal act if it is deemed to be unconstitutional. This theory would be a cornerstone of southern beliefs leading into the Civil War.

Jay’s Treaty

• This treaty in 1795 was meant to avoid being brought into the War going on between England and France. The treaty called for an evacuation of British forces out of the American Northwest, repayment of American debts owed to Britain, and an agreement to cease trading with France for the duration of the war.

• The treaty was very unpopular and interpreted as very pro-Britain by both the French and the Democratic-Republicans.

Pinckney’s Treaty

• Also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo 1795. This treaty between Spain and the US gave Americans navigation rights of the Mississippi and use of the port of New Orleans.

• Spain agreed to this treaty in part out of fear of an English-American alliance (Jay’s Treaty) and with guaranteed use of the Mississippi River, American settlement continued to move westward towards the Mississippi River boundary.

Land Ordinance 1785

• This ordinance established the division of the Northwest Territory into 5 future states (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin) and divided each of those regions into sell-able plots.

• The act reserved 1 of every 36 plots to be set aside for schools.

Northwest Ordinance 1787

• This act established a government for the Northwest Territory, set up the guidelines for admitting new states, listed a Bill of Rights for those living in the territory, and banned slavery in the Northwest Territory.

• This act established federal expansion of the United States instead of state expansion and set the precedent that the federal government could limit the expansion of slavery.

McCulloch v. Maryland

• 1819- a second national bank was chartered as part of Henry Clay’s American system but many southern states challenged the constitutionality of the National bank.

• Maryland attempted to tax the Maryland branch of the national bank, in this Marshal ruling (“the power to tax is the power to destroy”) John Marshall ruled that the national bank is constitutional based on the necessary and proper clause and the state did not have the authority to tax the bank based on the supremacy clause.

Marbury v. Madison

• 1803- This case arising from Adam’s “midnight appointees, or midnight judges” established the precedence of judicial review. This gave the Supreme Court the power to declare an act of congress or the executive branch unconstitutional.

• This made the Supreme Court to be the main interpreter of the constitution and helped carve our power for the federal court/supreme court.

Worcester v. Georgia

• 1832 court ruling that ruled that states did not have rights over Indian Territory or land. This was precipitated by Georgia’s arrest of two missionaries who entered Cherokee land without a state license.

• This case and event was part of the nullification crisis including South Carolina’s attempt to nullify federal tariffs and potentially secede from the Union.

Embargo Act

• This 1807 act in the Jefferson presidency officially closed all US ports from exports and limited the importation of British goods. Jefferson was attempting to avoid being dragged into the Napoleonic wars between Britain and France.

• While war was avoided, the American economy was crippled and smuggling was widespread to the point that the Jefferson administration will repeal the embargo before he leaves office. This will also help kick start the American industrial revolution.

The American System

• 1815 proposal by Henry Clay in the wake of the nationalism inspired by US “victory” in the War of 1812. In this Henry Clay proposed a protective tariff, a second national bank, and the federal funding of internal improvements. Parts 1 and 2 passed while internal improvements were largely relegated as a state responsibility.

• This act helped unify the country and set up the growth of the market system.

David Walker

• Was an abolitionist/anti-slavery advocate who wrote the pamphlet An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, 1829. He denounced slavery and colonization and called for active resistance and rebellion.

• His writing inspired a more active anti-slavery movement but also stronger southern laws against teaching slaves to read, and southern fear of potential slave uprisings.

The Missouri Compromise

• Also known as the Compromise of 1820 and authored by Henry Clay, this compromise admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. This kept the balance of slave and free states equal in the Senate.

• This act also created the 36 30 line to the territory included in the Louisiana Purchase which allowed slavery below the line and everything above (excluding Missouri which entered as a slave state) would not allow slavery.

Second Great Awakening

o A religious revival that started in 1790 and lasted through roughly 1840. This spark in religious belief spawned many reform movements throughout the United States such as abolition, temperance, and prison reform.

o Key leaders of the movement were Charles G Finney, Timothy Dwight, Henry Ward Beecher, and Lyman Beecher. The camp meeting was a popular conversion method on the frontier and New York was known as the burned-over district because of the multiple revivals that came through there.

American Colonization Society

• Group formed in 1817 that wanted to send free African Americans to Africa as an alternative to emancipation within the United States. In 1822 they established a colony for this purpose which in 1847 became the independent nation of Liberia.

• The American Colonization Society was an early abolitionist group and illustrated the debate (at that time) of how or whether the US could successfully integrate its slave population.

Cult of domesticity

• Also referred to as the Cult of True Womanhood, this belief system said a woman’s proper place was in the home taking care of the husband and children and tending to domestic duties.

• This was most associated with middle and upper-class white women as an aspirational goal of class distinction.

Monroe Doctrine

• 1823 statement by President James Monroe to Congress laying out guidelines to foreign policy for both the United States and Europe

• The 3 main provisions are, 1. The US will not interfere in European affairs. 2. The US will not interfere with European colonies in the Western Hemisphere. 3. The Western Hemisphere is closed to all future colonization.

Hartford Convention

• Meeting of Federalists in 1814 to discuss potential constitutional amendments meant to protect them from the federal power of the Democratic-Republicans.

• They called for an end to the 3/5s clause (slaves would count as 0) and a 2/3s vote in congress to declare war, admit new states, and restrict trade. These were meant to limit the power of the slave holding states.

• Coinciding with increased patriotism after US “victory” in the War of 1812, this painted the Federalist as partisans and ultimately led to their death as a party.

Nullification crisis

• Sparked by South Carolina’s decision to nullify the Tariff of 1828 (tariff of abominations) and the tariff of 1832, this was a standoff between Andrew Jackson’s federal government and the state government of South Carolina

• While congress passed the Force Bill allowing Jackson to use troops to collect the tariff, congress also passed a compromise tariff agreeable to South Carolina so the Force Bill did not have to be implemented. This occurred at the same time as the conflict between, Georgia, the Cherokee tribe, and the Supreme Court was occurring.

Tallmadge Amendment

• Proposed by James Tallmadge as an addition to Missouri’s petition to enter the union as a slave state. This would have banned all future importation of slaves into Missouri and emancipate all slaves living in Missouri when they reach the age of 25 thereby effectively making Missouri a free state.

• The amendment never passed but further convinced southerners of the necessity of keeping a slave state/free state balance in the Senate and creating more fear of the growing abolitionist movement.

War Hawks

• Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, these young politicians were trying to direct the nation to a war with Britain.

• They argued that the British were arming the Indian resistance in the West, they wanted to invade British Canada and take Florida from the Spanish. This was part of a Young America movement that American territorial expansion and the growth of a market economy.

Indian Removal Act

• Passed by Congress in 1830, this allowed the federal government to give Native Americans lands west of the Mississippi for lands within state borders.

• This policy set the stage for the Trail of Tears after the Cherokee negotiated the Treaty of New Echota giving them 5 million dollars and land in Oklahoma in exchange for them leaving their 7 million acres of ancestral land.