SLP 102 Quiz 3

telegraphic language

the term used to describe children's early utterances (like PCFs)

morphology

a study of the system of rules for combining the smallest units of language into words

morpheme

the smallest unit of a language that conveys meaning

free morphemes

can stand alone (root words) (e.g. pen, love, walk, George)

bound morphemes

cannot stand alone, attach to free morphemes (plural -s, -un, -ing, possessive's)

derviational morpheme

change the word's part of speech and/or meaning (un-, -less, re-, etc.)

inflectional morphemes

add grammatical property (-ed, -ing, etc.)

syntax

rules that govern the way words combine to form (sentence structure)

phrase

a group of words which act together as a grammatical unit

clause

a grammatical unit that contains a subject and a predicate (verb)

nouns

A person, place, thing, or idea

verbs

action words

adjectives

describing words

adverbs

describe a verb

determiners

articles (the, those, a, some, every)

prepositions

places (in, on, at, under)

conjunction

combine or separate ideas (and, or, but)

prescriptive grammaticality

sentences that are formed correctly according to what language "should be" (e.g., what your English teacher may have taught you)

descriptive grammaticality

sentences that are formed correctly according to the rules inside a speaker's head (lax rules)

coordinating clauses

two clauses are syntactically equal (I walked and Jim ran)

subordinate, or embedded, clauses

one clause is the main clause and one is embedded within it [I wonder [if this is going to be on the quiz]]

MLU (mean length of utterance)

tells us where the child's morphological skills are at

third person singular

Which tense/agreement morpheme is exhibited with the sentence "she talk-s"?

past tense -ed

Which tense agreement morpheme is exhibited with the sentence "she talk-ed"?

auxiliary be

Which tense agreement morpheme is exhibited with the sentence "she is talking"

copula be

Which tense agreement morpheme is exhibited with the sentence "she is a talker"?

auxiliary do

Which tense agreement is exhibited with the sentence "she does not talk"?

pragmatics

the appropriate use of language in different contexts

instrumental

early stage of communication where children are trying to obtain goal or meet wants/needs (ex. Child holding cup and saying "more")

regulatory

early stage of communication controls other's behavior (ex. Child saying "ball")

interaction

early stage of communication that used for joint attention or social interaction (ex. Baby calls out "mama" and looks at mom)

personal

early stage of communication that expresses feelings or attitudes (ex. A child says "yum" while eating a cookie)

Requests, refusals, greetings, comments, answering

What are some later purposes of communication used by older children and adult's?

theory of mind (ToM)

The ability to know what your feelings are and understand that others may not have those same feelings

Children can acknowledge differing mental states and communicate effectively.

Why do children need ToM for pragmatic language development?

Quantity, Quality, Relation, Manner, Politeness

What are Grice's Maxims of Conversation?

Quantity Maxim

Maxim: be as informative as you can; give as much information as needed but no more

Quality

Maxim: be truthful; do not give false and unsupported information

Relation

Maxim: be relevant; say things

Manner

be clear, brief, and orderly; avoid obscurity and ambiguity

Politeness

be polite; be kind, gentle, and use norms

presupposition

tells how much we know and what kind of information to give someone

Gives children the ability to know what the listener already knows so they can speak with the right maxims in conversation

Why do children need presupposition for language development?

Phonological, Lexical/Semantic, Morphological, Syntactic, and Pragmatic Ambiguity

What are the types of linguistic ambiguities?

phonological ambiguity

two words sound similar

lexical/semantic ambiguity

the same word has multiple meanings

morphological ambiguity

a morpheme is used to change the meaning of a word

syntactic ambiguity

a phrase or sentence is parsed in two different ways

Pragmatic Ambiguity

break the social rules of language/the world

Lexical verbs and direct objects.

What parts of sentences are young children most likely to keep?

Bound morphemes, function words, and subject pronouns.

What parts of sentences are young children most likely to keep off?

You follow all of the "Maxims"

How do you have a successful conversation?

You use presupposition

How do you change or adapt a language?

Use different ambiguities

How do you joke/what makes a joke funny?

total # of morphemes/ total # of utterances

Calculation for MLU

Fillers (uh, um,) and Disfluencies (stuttering)

What morphemes DO NOT count as 1 morpheme?

overgeneralized forms (e.g. go-ed, people-s)

What morphemes count as 2 morphemes?

Free morphemes, most bound morphemes, irregular forms, catentatives,contractions, proper names, compound words, Reduplications

What counts as 1 morpheme?

No

If an utterance ends with ^ (interruption) or > (thought trails off), should you analyze the utterance or count the morphemes?

No

If the utterance is not 100% clear should you count it?

No

If the utterance includes any of the characters X, XX, XXX, should you count it?

Complex syntax and the distinctions in social communication

What sorts of challenges do children encounter as they develop different domains of language?

Kick ball because lexical verbs and direct objects are easier to say

Which is a child more likely to say first: “kick ball” or “Mommy kicks”?

Eating cookie because -ing is in the first phase of Brown's Morphemes

Which is a child more likely to say first: “eating cookie” or “Mommy eats”?