chapter 7

What is cognition?

The processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem-solving, judgment, language, and memory

Which psychologist is most associated with studying how people think?

Cognitive psychologists

What is a concept?

A category/grouping of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories

In school, how do students often experience the use of concepts?

By analyzing details to form an understanding of broader ideas like democracy or freedom

A prototype is best described as:

The best example or representation of a concept

Which of the following is an example of a natural concept?

Knowing what snow feels like from living in Wisconsin

Artificial concepts are:

Defined by specific characteristics, like geometric shapes

What is a schema?

A mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts

A role schema would be activated when you:

Meet someone and immediately assume traits based on their job

An event schema is sometimes called a:

Cognitive script

Which of the following are parts of a language's grammar?

Syntax and semantics

What is a phoneme?

The basic sound unit of a language

In language, a morpheme is the:

Smallest unit that carries meaning

Which theory states that language determines thought?

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

According to B.F. Skinner, language is acquired through:

Reinforcement

Noam Chomsky proposed that:

Language acquisition is biologically determined

What is a heuristic?

A general problem-solving strategy or mental shortcut

Which heuristic involves solving a problem by focusing on the end goal?

Working backward

An example of the availability heuristic is:

Making a decision based on a vivid news story you just saw

Anchoring bias happens when:

You focus too much on one piece of information

Confirmation bias means:

Focusing only on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Charles Spearman believed intelligence was:

A single general factor (g)

Fluid intelligence involves:

Seeing complex relationships and solving problems

Crystallized intelligence refers to:

Acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it

In Gardner’s theory, bodily-kinesthetic intelligence would be most seen in:

Athletes and dancers

What was the original purpose of Binet's intelligence test?

To identify children who might struggle in school

What does 'standardization' mean in testing?

Consistently administering and scoring the test across a large sample

The Flynn effect refers to:

The observation that IQ scores increase each generation

Dysgraphia primarily affects:

Writing ability

Dyslexia is a learning disability related to:

Processing letters and sounds correctly

Dyscalculia involves difficulty in:

Learning and understanding math