Scientific Revolution + Enlightenment + Martin Luther

Nicolae Copernicus

He was a polymath, astronomer, and mathematician from Toruń, Poland. He is most famous for his heliocentric theory

Johannes Kepler

He was an astronomer from Weil der Stadt, Germany. He is most known for discovering his three laws of planetary motion. The idea that the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits.

Galileo Galilei

He was an Italian philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer from Duchy of Florence, Italy. He is most famous for proving the heliocentric theory with a stong telescope. 

Francis Bacon

He was a British Engineer from York House, Strand. He is most known for being the father of the scientific method. 

Rene Descartes

He was a French philosopher and mathematician from Descartes, France. His most famous work is his meditations on first philosophy. He questioned everything and everyone other than mathematics. Father of calculus. 

Isaac Newton

He was an English physicist and mathematician from National Trust - Woolsthorpe Manor, United Kingdom. His most famous work would be the formulation of the laws on motion and gravity. Law of universal gravity.

Zacharias Jannsen

He was a Dutch spectacle-maker from The Hague, Netherlands. His most famous work would be the invention of the compound microscope.

Evangelista Torricelli

He was an Italian physicist and mathematician from Rome, Italy. His most famous work was his invention of the barometer.

Andreas Vesalius

He was Belgian anatomist and physician from Brussels, Belgium. His most famous work is  De Humanis Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem, The Working of the Human Body. He stole a human corpse. 

William Harvey

He was English physician and is from Folkestone, United Kingdom. Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (translated as Anatomical Exercise on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals) First person to recognize the full circulation in the human body. 

Edward Jenner

He was an English physician and scientist from Berekly, United Kingdom. He discovered the vaccine for smallpox.

Robert Boyle

He was an Irish natural philosopher and chemist from Lismore, Ireland. He was famous for his own law that shows the volume of gas can decrease while increasing pressure and vice versa. Boyles law. 

Joseph Priestly

He was an English chemist from Birstall, United Kingdom. He discovered oxygen. 

Antoine Lavoisier

He was a French chemist who is from Paris, France. He developed the modern system of naming chemical substances. He discovered the role oxygen plays in combustion. 

Thomas Hobbes

He was an English philosopher that was from Malmesbury, United Kingdom. His famous piece is the book Leviathan (social contract) 

John Locke

He was an English philosopher and physician from Wrington, United Kingdom. His most famous work was TwoTreaties of the government believing that people are born innocent. Secure the alienable rights. Government of the people, for the people, with the people. 

Voltaire

Born in Paris, France, Voltaire was one of the greatest French writers. Believed in the freedom of speech. 

Baron de Montesquieu

Born in La Brède, France, Montesquieu was a French philosopher and satirist. His satire letters were extremely successful. His letters consisted of recounting the experiences of two Persian noblemen who were fictional. Believed in 3 branches of government. 

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Born in Geneva, Switzerland, Rousseau was a Swiss philosopher, writer, and political theorist. His treaties and novels inspired French Revolution leaders, and the Romantic generation. One of his most famous works was “The Discourse of the Origin of Inequality” which lays the foundation of his political thoughts. Social contract - rule of law. 

Cesare Bonesana Beccaria

Born in Milan, Italy, Beccaria was an Italian criminoligist and economist. His most famous work was the treatise “On Crimes and Punishments” - wanted punishments to fit the crime. Bryan Stevenson agrees with him. 

Mary Wollstonecraft

Born in Spitalfields, Londan, United Kingdom. Wollstonecraft was an English writer and passionate advocate of educational and social equality of women. A famous piece of work was “A Vindication of the Rights of Women.”

Denis Diderot

Born in Langres, France, Diderot was a French man of letters and philosopher. Famous for making the Encyclopedie (record of what government was doing. Believed government should be accountable and transparent. 

David Hume

Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, Hume was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essay writer. Most famous for “Treatise of Human Nature.” Wrote in response to Descartes. Empiricist - all knowledge comes from experience. 

Immanuel Kant

Born in Königsbger, Prussia, Kant was a German philosopher. Most famous works was the “Criique of Pure Reason.” Empiricist - all knowledge comes from experience. Wrote in response to Descartes. 

What was Martin Luther’s father’s profession?

  A copper miner

What did Martin Luther’s father want for Luther?

A lawyer so he can solve his dads problems.

What led Martin Luther to become a monk?

When he went through the thunderstorm, he thought if he died there did he do enough to please God? He wasn’t scared to die, he was scared to go to hell. Since he survived he became a monk to win Gods approval.

How would you describe Luther in the early days of monastic life?

He would go to extreme levels of punishment because he feared God.

Who was Johann Tetzel? Why did he infuriate Luther?

He was a traveling friar (monk). He infuriated Luther because he preached on indulgences.

What are indulgences?

This is a way the punishments for someones sins were reduced. Basically forgiveness or pardons.

What was the name of the document Luther posted on the Church door at Wittenberg?

Ninety-Five Theses

Why did Luther post the document on the church door?

To get the Roman Catholic Church to stop selling indulgences. And to start discussions about it.

What realization did Luther have about salvation?

Salvation is a gift of God’s grace through Christ.

What was Luther’s response to the Papal Bull of excommunication by Pope Leo X?

He threw the excommunication pamphlet in the fire to show that he doesn’t care. He also rejected the Pope and said that he doesn’t have real authority. So, he put all the authority on the Bible. 

What happened at Worms, Germany?

The Emperor banned Luther’s writings and called him heretic and an enemy of the state. He did not take back what he wrote so he was declared an outlaw. 

What happened to Luther when returning to Wittenberg after the Diet of Worms? 

He was kidnapped by Fredrick the Wise’s men, far away from the church in a castle, because it would kill him. He was kidnapped to translate the bible into German. 

Short term effects of Luther

1. He creates a whole new branch of christianity called lutheranism. First protestant denomination. (protecting the church).

2. Translate the bible into German

3. Freedom of choice for religion

4. Civil war in Germany between the protisians and catholics (30 year war) Queen Elizabeth defeats the Spanish Amada. 

Long Term effects of Luther

1. Freedom of choice when it comes to religion

2. Freedom against authority