ACBS 160D Chapter 7-15

Prey pathway

Wild sheep and goat were hunted prior to becoming domesticated

The toxoplasma parasite may cause cat urine to be perceived as an attractant by people and rodents.

True

When Arab traders reached the west coast of Africa, they traded _______in exchange for ________.

Salt gold

Cats spread from Egypt because they were considered very valuable and the Egyptian kings were able to trade them for gold.

False

There are more cats than dogs kept as pets in the United States

True

Studies done on Culture of Honor in Mexico and Costa Rica show that there are strong cultural differences between farmers and herders, where farmers are more willingness to practice revenge

False

The origin of cockfighting can be traced to the Romans as part of the empire’s popular gladiatorial games.

False

Game management

As a prey species declines in numbers in hunting, hunters of wild goats and sheep selectively kill young males and older females

All domestic cats are derived from which of the following species?

Felis silvestris lybica

Bezoar goat

Wild ancestor of domesticated goats

Asiatic mouflon sheep

Wild ancestor of domesticated sheep

Pastoralism

Way of making a living that consists of people keeping livestock (like sheep and goats) in herds in corrals and in pastures

11,000 BP

Estimated date for the domesticated goats and sheep

Archeological site of Asikli Hoyuk

Neolithic village settlement site in Turkey with evidence of captive goat and sheep herd management, including accumulations of dung

Taurus/Zagros region

Rugged mountains and valleys of southeastern Turkey and eastern Iran where sheep and goat were domesticated

Bedouin

Nomadic pastoralists of the Near and Middle East

Transhumance

Form of pastoralism practiced in the Alpine region of western Europe

Morphological changes in sheep and goat domestication

Shorter horns and legs, smaller male body size

What was sheep and goats dung used for in houses?

Cooking fuel

Good resources for sheep and goats

Hides & wool used for clothing, bone & horn used for tools, fishing hooks, and beads, and sinew used for tying & bow strings

There is evidence of dogs evolving in diverging from wolves as far as back as 40,000 BP the domestication of the dogs likely happened

When humans started to become more sedentary around 15,000 through 12,000 BP

Evidence of dog and human attunement to each other is shown in all EXCEPT one of the following:

Dogs are able to be trained to perform experiments with humans.

What is domestication? Based on what we you know from lectures so far, select all correct statements about the domestication

Domestication is kind of a symbiosis

• part of domestication process includes human, bringing an animal to captivity control reproduction,

• So that it Cannotbreed with it wild animals over generations

What are some of the ways plants benefit from being domesticated and becoming part of a mutualistic relationship with humans?

• Seed distribution

• Improved reproductive success compared to plants in the wild

• Defense from pests

• Provisioning of water and nutrients

• Elimination of competitors

Why was selective breeding needed for sheep and goats?

Higher quality milk & milk products, type & quality of wool

Reason for goat milk > cow milk

1.5 gallon/day and 9 grams of protein

Types of pastoralism

Nomadic (Bedouin), semi-nomadic (Mongols), transhumance (The Alps), and ranching (USA)

Aurochs

Wild ancestor of domesticated cattle

Taurus mountains

Region where "taurine" cattle were first domesticated

Çayönü Tepesi

Settlement site in Turkey that was

• continuously occupied from 11,000-9,000 BP

• w/ evidence of cattle bones in size range of domesticated cattle

Sign of wealth

Ancient Egyptians prized cattle so much that they took cattle census every two years

Culture of honor

Because cattle herders are at risk of losing their herd from thieves or poachers, they adopted a harsh code of vengeance to deter cattle theft

Heck cattle

Line of modern cattle originally bred by the Nazis

Lascoux

• Cave in France occupied by humans

• dating back to 20,000 BP

• life-size wall paintings of aurochs

"Rewilding Europe" project

Effort to restock Europe with extinct species and Aurochs had ecological impact

One lineage of Aurochs

"Taurine" cattle (bos Taurus)

Humped cattle from Indus Valley

"Indicine" cattle (bos Indicus)

Drive domestication of plants

First clearing of land to feed cattle for wheat and barley

What was the effect of the spread of dairy products?

Metabolism of milk sugar lactose

How mud walls start?

Prevents wild and domesticated breeding

Key nutritional resources of cattle

Cow milk, blood, and meat

"Code of the West"

American wild west days, ending up in cow branding to deter theft

Sus scrofa

Wild boar ancestor of domesticated pig

Commensalism pathway

Initial stages of pig domestication likely involved wild pigs scavenging food scraps from human settlements

Eastern Turkey

Location of earliest evidence of pig domestication

Horticulture

Early, small scale, farming practice that lends itself well to keeping pigs

The Maring Peoples of New Guinea highlands??

are an example of the centrality of pigs in their ritual life and ecology.

Omnivorous

Eating variety of foods made pigs suitable for domestication

Feral

Domesticated pigs that return to live on their own but not considered "wild"

Molars

Teeth that show reduction in size due to domestication

Poleaxing

At the Chinese site of Xinglongwa pigs were killed with blow to forehead to stun them so that the blood could be drained from the body and used for ceremonial/nutritional purposes

Ancestor of chickens

Wild Jungle Fowl

Chicken domestication

Commensal pathway in China and Indus Valley

Single trait breeding for chicken breeds

Big muscle for increased amount of meat

Consequence for trait breeding

Rapist roosters

Middle Eastern wildcat (Felis silvestris lybica)

Ancestor of domesticated cats

Stored grain

Stored plant food which attracted rodents who in turn attracted wildcats

Hallan Cemi

Turkish site dated to about 10,000 BP showing presence of wildcats inside human occupations

Self-selection for cats

Early in the pathway to domestication, natural selection over time favored cats who had a tamer temperament allowing them to approach human settlements

Mummification

Cat burial practice of the ancient Egyptians who revered cats

Pope Gregory IX

Issued a bulla (decree) that declared cats as evil and led to the mass slaughter of cats

Black death

Highly contagious disease epidemic that swept through medieval Europe as an unforeseen consequence of mass slaughter of cats

Twisty cat

Special cat breed with short front legs, forcing the cat to hop like a squirrel; this breed raises ethical questions about cat breeding practices

Cat-human attunement

There is some evidence suggesting cats seem to recognize human moods and cat owners recognize meaning of cat meows

Ainsworth Stranger Test

Experimental procedure developed for evaluating attachment between mothers and their children that has been used to study the cat-human bond

Two things during cat pathway

Wildcat encounter another and only curious, non-aggressive cats towards humans would live next to humans

Reasons for several distinct cat "land races"

Evolved in Asia, colder environments, hotter environments, and Siamese cats

Most cats produced latter half of 20th century

Large reflect aesthetic preferences and variation among breeds

Cat hoarding

Possible single-celled mind-bending parasite (Toxoplasma gondii) finishes lifecycle in a cat's gut and can affect humans to make them attracted to cats & cat urine

Directed pathway for donkeys and camels

Donkeys and camels were domesticated by humans already well familiar of animal domestication, so they knew how to capture and control breeding of wild asses and camels

Nubian and Somali Ass

Two North African populations from which all domesticated donkeys are descended

Standard of the city of Ur

4,500 BP mosaic showing use of donkeys in times of peace and war

North America

Place of evolutionary origin of common ancestor of horses, asses, and zebras

Abydos, Egypt

Archeological site containing 10 donkeys buried with a Pharaoh

Spanish Conquistadores

Explorers/conquerors responsible for bringing domesticated donkeys to the New World

Adaptations to Desert Habitat

Rapid rehydration, efficient kidney, closing nostrils

Frankincense and myrrh

In high demand brought out of Arabia by Arab traders

Camel's hump

Stores fat, allowing travel for days without eating

Early uses of camel

Meat, milk, transport

South Arabia

First site of dromedary camel domestication

Central Asia

First site of Bactrian camel domestication

How many breeds of donkeys present day?

185 breeds with 41 million as a population

Silk Road

Secured trade routes to East Asia for silk

Mules

Cross between male donkey and female horse

How donkeys come to North America?

Spanish conquistadores, explorers, and missionaries

How much can camels carry and travel?

Around 660 pounds and 19 miles/day

One-humped camel

Dromedary

Two-humped camel

Bactrian

What did the expansion of camel caravan do?

Arab traders contact with circum-Mediterranean Roman empire to trade in European goods and to get protection along Roman routes

Perissodactyla

Taxonomic group of "odd-toed" hoofed mammals that includes horses, zebras, asses, rhinos, and tapirs

Equid

Taxonomic group that includes horses, asses, and zebras

Hind-gut fermentation

Horse food digestion system

Horse evolution

Change from browsing to grazing

North America for equids

Site of early equid evolution then crossed the Bering Strait to Eurasia

Tarpan

Eurasian wild horse and ancestor of the domesticated horse

Rock of Solutre in France

Archeological site that provides evidence of horse hunting 20,000 years ago

Western Eurasian Steppe

Geographical area where horses were first domesticated

Reasons for early horse domestication

Transport, meat, and milk

Evidence of early horse domestication

Presence of corrals, manure, milk residue in pots, and cheek pieces

Hyracotherium

Earliest perissodactyl forerunner with a diet of leaves and shoots